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Related Concept Videos

Directional Relays01:25

Directional Relays

584
Directional relays, essential for managing unidirectional fault currents, enhance the safety and efficiency of power systems. On power lines equipped with directional relays, faults downstream (to the right) of the current transformer typically cause the fault current to lag the bus voltage by approximately 90 degrees, known as the forward direction. In contrast, upstream (left-side) faults may result in the fault current leading the bus voltage by nearly 90 degrees, termed the reverse...
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Overcurrent Relays01:26

Overcurrent Relays

502
Overcurrent relays, crucial for circuit protection, are connected to the secondary current of a current transformer. There are two primary types of overcurrent relays: instantaneous and time-delay.
Instantaneous overcurrent relays activate immediately when the input current exceeds a predetermined value, known as the pickup current, instantly energizing the circuit breaker trip coil. This rapid response is vital for addressing severe faults quickly.
Time-delay overcurrent relays, on the other...
502
Differential Relays01:20

Differential Relays

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Differential relays are used to protect generators, buses, and transformers by comparing electrical quantities at different points. When a fault occurs, the difference in current between the two points triggers the relay to operate, opening the circuit breaker. Under normal conditions, the current entering (i1) and leaving (i2) a generator are equal. When a fault occurs, however, these currents become unequal, and the difference current flows in the relay operating coil, causing the relay to...
744
Line Protection with Impedance Relays01:27

Line Protection with Impedance Relays

443
Coordinating time-delay overcurrent relays in complex radial systems and directional overcurrent relays in multi-source transmission loops can be challenging. Impedance relays address these issues by responding to the voltage-to-current ratio, specifically measuring the apparent impedance of a line. These relays become more sensitive during faults as current increases and voltage decreases, thereby reducing the apparent impedance.
Under normal conditions, low load currents keep the measured...
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Pilot and Numeric Relaying01:21

Pilot and Numeric Relaying

483
Pilot relaying is a type of differential protection used in power systems. It compares electrical quantities at the terminals of equipment via a communication channel instead of direct relay interconnection. This method is essential for transmission lines where the terminals are far apart, typically up to 80 km for lines with 69 to 115 kV ratings. Four types of communication channels are used for pilot relaying:
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Diencephalon: Thalamus and Information Relay01:27

Diencephalon: Thalamus and Information Relay

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The thalamus, often called “the gateway to the cerebral cortex,” is vital in processing and directing sensory and motor signals throughout the brain. Almost all inputs destined for the cerebral cortex, except for olfactory signals, are relayed through the thalamus. The thalamus is  a sophisticated relay station, channeling information from various brain regions to the cerebral cortex, as well as a filter, prioritizing certain signals over others based on current physiological...
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Foraging Path-length Protocol for Drosophila melanogaster Larvae
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Inter-Relay Interference Mitigation for Chirp-Based Two-Path Successive Relaying Protocol.

Kwang-Yul Kim1, Yoan Shin2

  • 1School of Electronic Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 2, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new method to reduce interference in Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) systems using two-path successive relaying. The technique improves data rates and transmission range for Internet of Things (IoT) devices.

Keywords:
chirp spread spectrumcross-correlation coefficientinter-relay interferencemultiple linear chirptwo-path successive relaying

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Area of Science:

  • Wireless Communication Engineering
  • Signal Processing

Background:

  • Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) is vital for Internet of Things (IoT) and long-range communication.
  • Two-Path Successive Relaying (TPSR) enhances spectral efficiency and transmission coverage in wireless systems.
  • Inter-Relay Interference (IRI) limits spectral efficiency in TPSR protocols.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To improve the transmission performance of CSS systems by applying the TPSR protocol.
  • To propose a novel multiple linear chirp-based method for mitigating IRI in CSS-based TPSR.
  • To enhance data rates and extend transmission coverage for CSS systems.

Main Methods:

  • Applied the TPSR protocol to the CSS system.
  • Developed a multiple linear chirp-based IRI mitigation technique.
  • Mathematically derived the Cross-Correlation Coefficient (CCC) to allocate separating bandwidths for primary and secondary relays, ensuring orthogonality and minimizing IRI.

Main Results:

  • The proposed scheme effectively mitigates IRI by allocating orthogonal separating bandwidths to relays.
  • Simulation results demonstrate improved transmission performance, even in high IRI environments.
  • The method allows for IRI mitigation within the same bandwidth.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed IRI mitigation method enhances the performance of CSS-based TPSR protocols.
  • This approach is expected to extend the transmission coverage and increase the data rate of CSS systems.
  • The technique offers a viable solution for improving wireless communication efficiency in IoT applications.