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Related Concept Videos

Potential Energy00:52

Potential Energy

42.3K
The energy stored by a structure and location of matter in space is called potential energy. For instance, raising a kettlebell changes its spatial location and increases its potential energy. Similarly, a stretched rubber band contains potential energy which, under certain conditions, can be converted into other forms of energy, such as kinetic energy.
Chemical bonds that form attractive forces between atoms also contain potential energy, called chemical energy. When a chemical reaction...
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Potential Energy01:09

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A conservative force, such as a gravitational or elastic force, gives the body the capacity to do work. This capacity, measured as the potential energy, depends on the body's location or “position” relative to a fixed reference position or datum. The gravitational potential energy is considered zero at the reference point. Suppose a body is located at some vertical distance above a fixed horizontal reference or datum. In that case, the weight of the body has positive gravitational potential...
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Standard Electrode Potentials03:02

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On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...
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Cell Potential and Free Energy02:58

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Thermodynamics of a Redox Reaction
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics dealing with the relationship between heat and other forms of energy. In an electrochemical cell, chemical energy is converted into electrical energy.
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Electric Potential and Potential Difference01:16

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Suppose a positive test charge moves away from a positive static charge, then the Coulomb force does positive work, and its electric potential energy decreases. The potential energy per unit charge is defined as the electric potential. The electric potential is independent of the test charge.
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Quantification of the Potential Impact of Glyphosate-Based Products on Microbiomes
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Human placenta has no microbiome but can contain potential pathogens.

Marcus C de Goffau1,2, Susanne Lager3,4,5, Ulla Sovio3,4

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The human placenta lacks a microbiome and is not commonly infected by bacteria, except for Streptococcus agalactiae. Bacterial presence is not linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes like pre-eclampsia.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Obstetrics
  • Neonatal Health

Background:

  • Adverse pregnancy outcomes such as pre-eclampsia, preterm birth, and fetal growth restriction are significant concerns.
  • The role of the placental microbiome in pregnancy complications remains debated.
  • Previous studies have yielded conflicting results regarding bacterial presence in placental tissues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between bacterial DNA in the placenta and adverse pregnancy outcomes.
  • To determine if the human placenta harbors a distinct microbiome.
  • To identify specific bacterial species, if any, present in placental samples.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of placental samples from pregnancies with and without complications using molecular techniques.
  • Rigorous methods to distinguish true bacterial signals from laboratory contamination.
  • Focus on detecting bacterial DNA in placental tissues collected prior to labor.

Main Results:

  • The vast majority of placental samples showed no evidence of bacterial presence.
  • Detected bacterial signals were predominantly attributed to contamination or acquisition during labor.
  • Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus) was detected in ~5% of pre-labor samples, suggesting a potential perinatal acquisition site.

Conclusions:

  • Bacterial infection of the placenta is not a common cause of adverse pregnancy outcomes.
  • The human placenta does not possess a microbiome.
  • The placenta may serve as a site for perinatal acquisition of Streptococcus agalactiae, a significant cause of neonatal sepsis.