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Differential development of relational memory and pattern separation.

Kelsey M Hassevoort1,2, Naiman A Khan3,4, Charles H Hillman5,6

  • 1Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.

Hippocampus
|August 2, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Children show age-related differences in hippocampal function, particularly in relational memory tasks. While they perform similarly to adults on pattern separation, they struggle with tasks requiring relational binding, highlighting developmental changes in hippocampal roles.

Keywords:
developmenthippocampuslure discriminationpattern separationrelational memory

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • The hippocampus is crucial for memory, with research exploring its function through memory representations and pattern separation/completion.
  • Existing tasks assessing these functions are sensitive to age and disease, but it's unclear if they probe the same hippocampal aspects.
  • Understanding developmental trajectories of hippocampal function is vital for cognitive development research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether tasks assessing memory representations and pattern separation/completion engage overlapping aspects of hippocampal function during development.
  • To compare preadolescent children's and young adults' performance on tasks measuring relational memory, object-based pattern separation, and a hybrid task.
  • To identify specific cognitive demands that differentiate performance between age groups.

Main Methods:

  • A battery of cognitive tasks was administered to preadolescent children (N=73) and young adults (N=41).
  • Tasks included a spatial reconstruction relational memory task, the Mnemonic Similarity Task (MST) for object-based pattern separation, and the Object Discrimination and Distribution (ODD) Task.
  • The ODD task was designed to simultaneously assess pattern separation and spatial relational memory.

Main Results:

  • Children and young adults showed comparable performance on object-based pattern separation (lure discrimination) and on the ODD task's pattern separation component without relational demands.
  • Preadolescent children performed significantly worse than young adults on tasks and task components requiring relational binding.
  • Performance differences were concentrated in aspects of the tasks involving the integration of object information with spatial relationships.

Conclusions:

  • The findings suggest that while basic pattern separation mechanisms may be relatively mature by preadolescence, the integration of relational information with memory representations develops later.
  • Different cognitive tasks may indeed tap into distinct, though related, aspects of hippocampal function, with varying developmental timelines.
  • Relational binding, a key hippocampal function, shows significant developmental sensitivity, differentiating children from young adults.