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Related Concept Videos

Buffers02:56

Buffers

172.4K
A solution containing appreciable amounts of a weak conjugate acid-base pair is called a buffer solution, or a buffer. Buffer solutions resist a change in pH when small amounts of a strong acid or a strong base are added. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl...
172.4K
Buffers: Buffer Capacity01:09

Buffers: Buffer Capacity

2.2K
Buffer capacity is the quantitative measure of a buffer to resist the change in pH. As shown in the following equation, the buffer capacity, denoted by 'beta', is expressed as the number of moles of acid or base needed to change the pH of a one-liter buffer solution by 1 unit. Here, Ca and Cb indicate the number of moles of acid and base, respectively. Note that dpH represents the change in pH.
In the graph, pH is plotted as a function of the number of moles of base (Cb) added to a weak...
2.2K
Buffer Effectiveness02:19

Buffer Effectiveness

54.9K
Buffer solutions do not have an unlimited capacity to keep the pH relatively constant . Instead, the ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH relies on the presence of appreciable amounts of its conjugate weak acid-base pair. When enough strong acid or base is added to substantially lower the concentration of either member of the buffer pair, the buffering action within the solution is compromised.
The buffer capacity is the amount of acid or base that can be added to a given volume...
54.9K
Calculating pH Changes in a Buffer Solution02:45

Calculating pH Changes in a Buffer Solution

57.6K
A buffer can prevent a sudden drop or increase in the pH of a solution after the addition of a strong acid or base up to its buffering capacity; however, such addition of a strong acid or base does result in the slight pH change of the solution. The small pH change can be calculated by determining the resulting change in the concentration of buffer components, i.e., a weak acid and its conjugate base or vice versa. The concentrations obtained using these stoichiometric calculations can be used...
57.6K
Buffers: Overview01:30

Buffers: Overview

9.6K
Buffers play a crucial role in stabilizing the pH of a solution by mitigating the effects of small amounts of added acid or base. They consist of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl (aq).
9.6K
Phosphate Buffer01:22

Phosphate Buffer

4.9K
The phosphate buffer system is a critical biological mechanism for maintaining pH stability in the body. This system operates primarily through two components: sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), which acts as a weak acid, and sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4), which serves as a weak base.
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate does not fully dissociate in neutral or acidic solutions. When a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), is introduced into the solution, sodium dihydrogen phosphate...
4.9K

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Assaying Locomotor Activity to Study Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Parameters in Drosophila
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Parietal low beta rhythm provides a dynamical substrate for a working memory buffer.

Alexandros Gelastopoulos1, Miles A Whittington2, Nancy J Kopell3

  • 1Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|August 3, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new model shows how the parietal cortex (PC) uses beta rhythms to create a working memory (WM) buffer. This buffer integrates sensory information and executive commands, storing data in neural activity patterns.

Keywords:
biophysical modelcell assembliesfrontoparietal coordination

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • Working memory (WM) is crucial for processing sequential sensory information and decision-making.
  • WM is anatomically distributed across the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and parietal cortex (PC).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a biophysically detailed dynamical systems model for a WM buffer in the PC.
  • To investigate how the PC's natural beta1 rhythm supports WM functions.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a dynamical systems model of a WM buffer in the parietal cortex.
  • Utilized the natural beta1 rhythm (12-20 Hz) of the PC within the model.

Main Results:

  • The PC's beta1 rhythm can act as a substrate for an episodic buffer.
  • The model demonstrates synergistic integration of executive commands (from PFC) and multimodal information.
  • The buffer exhibits flexibility, updatability, distractor sensitivity, a readout mechanism, and termination by executive input.

Conclusions:

  • Information storage in WM can be achieved through temporal activity patterns in neuronal networks, not solely synaptic weights.
  • The parietal cortex's dynamical properties are key for flexible and robust working memory function.