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Related Concept Videos

First Pass Effect01:12

First Pass Effect

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Presystemic elimination, or the first-pass effect, is the metabolism of drugs that reduces their effective concentration at the site of action. Apart from the first-pass effect, the systemic bioavailability of the drug is also reduced by other factors, including incomplete absorption or chemical degradation of drugs.
Depending on the route of administration, drugs can be metabolized in the liver, intestine, lungs, and vasculature. Orally administered drugs are first absorbed through the...
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Single-pass Transmembrane Proteins01:25

Single-pass Transmembrane Proteins

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Integral membrane proteins are tightly associated with the cell membrane and play a crucial role in cell communication, signaling, adhesion, and transport of the molecules. Some integral membrane proteins are present only in the membrane monolayer. For example, the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase is present in the cytoplasmic side of the membrane monolayer. In contrast, another type of integral membrane protein, also known as a transmembrane protein, spans across the membrane. Transmembrane...
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Heart Valves01:16

Heart Valves

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The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves function with the assistance of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendineae are slack, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the...
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Factors Influencing Bioavailability: First-Pass Elimination01:23

Factors Influencing Bioavailability: First-Pass Elimination

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When a drug is taken orally, it undergoes a journey starting from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, passing through the portal vein, reaching the liver, and finally entering the systemic circulation. This process involves the absorption of the drug across the GI tract. The liver is the primary site for metabolizing the drug, with some metabolism also occurring in the gut wall. This journey significantly reduces the quantity of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation, a phenomenon known as...
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Insertion of Single-pass Transmembrane Proteins in the RER01:26

Insertion of Single-pass Transmembrane Proteins in the RER

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Integral membrane proteins are proteins adhered to the lipid bilayer of a cell organelle or membrane. They can be of two types: transmembrane integral proteins that span the lipid bilayer and monotopic proteins that are attached to either side of the membrane but do not pass through it.
Integral transmembrane proteins possess transmembrane and extra membrane domains. The transmembrane domains are primarily made of 20-25 hydrophobic amino acids arranged in a helical secondary confirmation. These...
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Insertion of Multi-pass Transmembrane Proteins in the RER01:29

Insertion of Multi-pass Transmembrane Proteins in the RER

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The rough ER membrane synthesizes, assembles, and embeds transmembrane proteins in diverse topologies. These proteins function as transporters or channels and can remain in the ER membrane or are sent to the Golgi complex, lysosome, and cell membrane.
The multipass transmembrane proteins are the type IV integral membrane proteins with multiple topogenic sequences determining their spatial arrangement in the ER membrane. Nearly all multipass proteins lack a cleavable signal sequence and use...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Standardized Technique of Aortic Valve Re-implantation for Valve-sparing Aortic Root Replacement
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Standardized Technique of Aortic Valve Re-implantation for Valve-sparing Aortic Root Replacement

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[A quadricuspid aortic valve passed unnoticed].

M Bouziane1, S Marchetta1, R E Dulgheru1

  • 1Service de Cardiologie, CHU Liège, Belgique..

Revue Medicale De Liege
|August 3, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Quadricuspid aortic valve, a rare congenital defect, can remain asymptomatic. Early diagnosis of this condition is crucial to prevent severe aortic regurgitation and subsequent heart dysfunction.

Keywords:
Aortic regurgitationCongenital heart diseaseQuadricuspid aortic valve

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Congenital Heart Disease
  • Cardiac Surgery

Background:

  • Quadricuspid aortic valve is a rare congenital anomaly.
  • It is often asymptomatic and can be associated with other cardiac malformations, particularly coronary artery anomalies.

Observation:

  • A 67-year-old female patient with a history of childhood atrial septal defect repair presented with newly diagnosed moderate aortic regurgitation.
  • She had no prior diagnosis of a quadricuspid aortic valve.

Findings:

  • The case highlights a potentially undiagnosed quadricuspid aortic valve presenting later in life.
  • Aortic regurgitation was the primary clinical manifestation in this patient.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the importance of considering quadricuspid aortic valve in adults with unexplained aortic regurgitation.
  • Timely diagnosis and management are essential to prevent left ventricular dysfunction and improve patient outcomes.