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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

49.0K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
49.0K
Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

20.5K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
20.5K
Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

17.5K
Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
17.5K
Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

22.7K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
22.7K
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

19.8K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
19.8K
Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

16.1K
Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Paired with Total Vaporization Solid-Phase Microextraction as a Forensic Tool
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Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Paired with Total Vaporization Solid-Phase Microextraction as a Forensic Tool

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A polyurethane-based thin film for solid phase microextraction of pyrethroid insecticides.

Xianbin Zhu1, Rimao Hua1, Dong Zhang1

  • 1College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China.

Mikrochimica Acta
|August 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Polyurethane (PU) films efficiently extract 8 pyrethroid insecticides from chrysanthemum tea using ultrasonication. This cost-effective method offers high sensitivity and accuracy for pesticide analysis in complex matrices.

Keywords:
Chrysanthemum teaGas chromatography-electron capture detectionPolyurethane sorbentPyrethroidsUltrasound-assisted adsorption

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Profiling Volatile Compounds in Blackcurrant Fruit using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
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Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes
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Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes

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Profiling Volatile Compounds in Blackcurrant Fruit using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
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Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes
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Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Environmental Science
  • Food Safety

Background:

  • Pyrethroid insecticides are widely used, necessitating reliable detection methods in food and environmental samples.
  • Conventional extraction techniques can be time-consuming, costly, and involve significant solvent use.
  • Development of efficient, economic, and sensitive microextraction methods is crucial for routine analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and optimize a thin film solid phase microextraction (SPME) method using polyurethane (PU) for pyrethroid analysis.
  • To evaluate the efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and sensitivity of the PU-based SPME method.
  • To validate the method for the determination of pyrethroids in chrysanthemum tea.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a thin film solid phase microextraction (SPME) technique utilizing polyurethane (PU) as the sorbent material.
  • Optimization of key parameters including film type, adsorption temperature, extraction time, sample condition, and desorption solvent.
  • Quantification of pyrethroids using gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD).

Main Results:

  • The PU film demonstrated excellent adsorption capacity and robustness for analyzing eight pyrethroids (bifenthrin, fenpropathrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, cypermethrin, flucythrinate, fenvalerate, deltamethrin).
  • Achieved low limits of detection (0.05-0.5 μg L⁻¹) and method detection limits (0.0003-0.003 μg L⁻¹), with high relative recoveries (84.5-104.1%) and enrichment factors up to 188.
  • Method validation showed good agreement with liquid-liquid extraction, indicating comparable accuracy and reduced matrix effects.

Conclusions:

  • Polyurethane (PU) thin film solid phase microextraction is an efficient, economic, and sensitive method for pyrethroid determination in chrysanthemum tea.
  • The developed method offers advantages over existing techniques, including easier operation, lower costs, and reduced matrix effects.
  • This PU-based approach shows significant potential for the routine analysis of pyrethroids in complex matrices like beverages.