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Related Concept Videos

Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Radiation: Applications01:17

Radiation: Applications

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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
The average...
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Absorption of Radiation01:05

Absorption of Radiation

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The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation:
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Generating Electromagnetic Radiations01:10

Generating Electromagnetic Radiations

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The German physicist Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894) was the first to generate and detect certain types of electromagnetic waves in the laboratory. Starting in 1887, he performed a series of experiments that confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and verified that they travel at the speed of light. Hertz used an alternating-current RLC (resistor-inductor-capacitor) circuit that resonated at a known frequency and connected it to a loop of wire. High voltages induced across the gap in...
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Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving01:09

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving

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The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
The average value of the rate of momentum transfer divided by the absorbing area represents the average force...
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Momentum And Radiation Pressure01:20

Momentum And Radiation Pressure

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An object absorbing an electromagnetic wave would experience a force in the direction of propagation of the wave. This force occurs because electromagnetic waves contain and transport momentum. The force accounts for the wave's radiation pressure exerted on the object. Maxwell's prediction was confirmed in 1903 by Nichols and Hull by precisely measuring radiation pressures with a torsion balance. The measuring instrument had mirrors suspended from a fiber kept inside a glass container.
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Dynamic Lung Tumor Tracking for Stereotactic Ablative Body Radiation Therapy
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PET/CT in radiation oncology.

Rosa Fonti1, Manuel Conson2, Silvana Del Vecchio2

  • 1Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages, National Research Council, Naples, Italy.

Seminars in Oncology
|August 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) enhances radiation therapy by revealing tumor heterogeneity. Advanced PET/CT techniques like dose painting and adaptive radiotherapy optimize treatment for better cancer patient outcomes.

Keywords:
Adaptive radiotherapyDose paintingPET/CTRadiotherapy planning

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Radiation Therapy

Background:

  • Malignant lesions exhibit biological heterogeneity, necessitating personalized radiation doses for effective tumor control.
  • Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) offers insights into tumor metabolism, hypoxia, and proliferation, identifying radioresistant areas.
  • Standard anatomical imaging has limitations in accurately delineating tumor sites for radiation therapy planning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of PET/CT principles for radiation therapy target volume selection using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG).
  • To explore emerging PET/CT strategies, including dose painting and adaptive radiotherapy, for optimizing radiation oncology treatment plans.
  • To discuss the clinical implementation challenges and future directions for PET/CT integration in radiation therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of basic principles of 18F-FDG PET/CT for target volume definition.
  • Focus on advanced PET/CT strategies: dose painting and adaptive radiotherapy with various tracers.
  • Analysis of existing evidence on the impact of PET/CT integration in radiotherapy planning.

Main Results:

  • 18F-FDG PET/CT integration improves target volume delineation in radiotherapy planning.
  • PET/CT reduces uncertainties and variability associated with purely anatomical tumor delineation.
  • PET-based dose painting and adaptive radiotherapy are feasible but technically demanding.

Conclusions:

  • PET/CT imaging is a valuable tool for understanding tumor biology and optimizing radiation therapy.
  • Emerging PET/CT strategies show promise for personalized cancer treatment, but require significant technical and logistical support.
  • Prospective clinical trials are essential to validate the efficacy and safety of PET/CT-guided dose painting and adaptive radiotherapy.