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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic...
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

Embryonic Stem Cells

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents01:26

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Besides iodine, other oxidizing or reducing agents can serve as titrants in redox titrations. Common oxidizing titrants include KMnO4, cerium(IV), and K2Cr2O7. The choice of oxidizing titrants depends on factors like stability, cost, analyte strength, and reaction rate between the analyte and titrant. KMnO4 is a strong oxidizing titrant that reduces from Mn(VII) to Mn(II) in a highly acidic solution, simultaneously oxidizing the analyte to a higher oxidation state. In this case, KMnO4 acts as a...
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Oxidation Numbers03:14

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In redox reactions, the transfer of electrons occurs between reacting species. Electron transfer is described by a hypothetical number called the oxidation number (or oxidation state). It represents the effective charge of an atom or element, which is assigned using a set of rules.
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Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions
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Structurally Tunable Reduced Graphene Oxide Substrate Maintains Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Pluripotency.

Jinping Zhao1,2, Mingliang Tang3,4,5, Jing Cao2

  • 1Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital School of Life Science and Technology Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|August 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) substrates support embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency by enhancing cell-cell interactions. This xenogeneic-free material offers a promising alternative for clinical applications.

Keywords:
E‐cadherinWnt signaling pathwayembryonic stem cellspluripotencyreduced graphene oxide

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Culturing embryonic stem cells (ESCs) often relies on animal-derived cells, posing risks of immune reactions and batch variability.
  • Developing a defined, animal-free substrate is crucial for the clinical translation of ESCs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of tunable reduced graphene oxide (RGO) substrates on maintaining ESC pluripotency.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which RGO influences ESC behavior and survival.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized RGO substrates with controlled pore sizes and surface properties.
  • Assessed ESC proliferation and survival using colony formation and CCK-8 assays.
  • Analyzed pluripotency markers (E-cadherin, β-catenin) via immunofluorescence staining.

Main Results:

  • RGO substrates with 30 µm pores enhanced ESC survival and proliferation.
  • Unannealed RGO demonstrated superior ESC proliferation compared to annealed RGO due to hydrophilic groups.
  • ESCs cultured on RGO maintained pluripotency, indicated by high expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin.
  • RGO modification with Dickkopf-related protein 1 or interference with E-cadherin disrupted ESC pluripotency.

Conclusions:

  • RGO substrates effectively maintain ESC pluripotency in a xenogeneic-free environment.
  • The mechanism involves promoting E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell interactions and Wnt signaling pathways.
  • Tunable RGO offers a promising biomaterial for clinical applications requiring stable ESC culture.