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Related Concept Videos

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy01:16

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

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Confocal microscopy is an advanced microscopic technique. The prime advantage of the confocal microscope over other microscopy techniques is its ability to block the out-of-focus light from the illuminated samples using pinholes. It is widely used with fluorescence optics to obtain high-resolution, sharp contrast images. Unlike optical microscopes, confocal microscopes use a focused beam of light laser to scan the entire sample surface at different z-planes. These microscopes are, therefore,...
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Super-resolution Fluorescence Microscopy01:37

Super-resolution Fluorescence Microscopy

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Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy (SRFM) provides a better resolution than conventional fluorescence microscopy by reducing the point spread function (PSF). PSF is the light intensity distribution from a point that causes it to appear blurred. Due to PSF, each fluorescing point appears bigger than its actual size, and it is the PSF interference of nearby fluorophores that causes the blurred image. Various approaches to achieving higher resolution through SRFM have recently been...
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Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy01:05

Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy

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Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy or TIRF is an advanced microscopic technique used to visualize fluorophores in samples close to a solid surface with a higher refractive index, such as a glass coverslip. TIRF only allows fluorophores in proximity to the solid surface to be excited. When light from a medium with a lower refractive index (such as air) hits the glass coverslip at a critical angle, the light undergoes total internal reflection stead of passing through the glass.
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

In vivo Imaging of Tumor Angiogenesis using Fluorescence Confocal Videomicroscopy
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Confocal-Assisted Multispectral Fluorescent Microscopy for Brain Tumor Surgery.

Patra Charalampaki1, Makoto Nakamura1, Dimitrios Athanasopoulos1

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Cologne Medical Center, University Witten-Herdecke, Witten, Germany.

Frontiers in Oncology
|August 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) enables real-time cellular-level visualization during brain tumor surgery, improving tumor resection accuracy and protecting healthy tissue. This advanced imaging technique offers significant advantages over traditional methods for neurosurgical oncology.

Keywords:
brain tumorconfocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE)fluorescent microscopymeningiomasurgery

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Optimal brain tumor surgery requires complete resection with minimal damage to surrounding healthy tissue.
  • Advanced imaging techniques are crucial for achieving macro- to microscopic resolution during surgery.
  • Fluorescence-guided surgery has emerged as a significant advancement in improving brain tumor surgery outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the technology, usability, indications, and limitations of confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) in brain tumor surgery.
  • To highlight CLE's potential for real-time, cellular-level visualization and differentiation of tumor cells.
  • To assess CLE's role in improving surgical resection accuracy and protecting adjacent normal brain tissue.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) for intra-operative, in vivo microscopy at the cellular level.
  • Employed CLE with 400-fold-1,000-fold magnification for clear visualization of cellular cytoarchitecture.
  • Integrated CLE with fluorescence-guided surgery techniques, including molecular markers like 5-ALA and ICG.

Main Results:

  • CLE enables intra-operative detection and differentiation of single tumor cells, eliminating the need for biopsy analysis.
  • Accurate definition of tumor and normal tissue borders at the cellular level was achieved.
  • Enhanced surgical resection accuracy and improved protection of adjacent normal brain tissue functionality were observed.

Conclusions:

  • Confocal laser endomicroscopy represents a significant advancement in neurosurgical oncology, offering real-time cellular-level imaging.
  • CLE enhances the precision of brain tumor resection by providing detailed visualization of tumor margins.
  • The implementation of CLE-assisted surgery expands therapeutic options and improves patient outcomes by preserving critical brain functions.