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Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Organizational Behavior
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Social exchange theory is central to understanding cooperation and relationship dynamics.
  • Existing measures lack a comprehensive assessment of various social exchange orientations.
  • Generalized exchange orientation (GEO) is a distinct form of social exchange.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conceptualize and develop a valid scale for measuring generalized exchange orientation (GEO).
  • To differentiate GEO from reciprocal and negotiated exchange orientations.
  • To assess the incremental validity of the GEO scale in predicting important outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Scale development and validation across four phases with 1,408 participants.
  • Utilized factorial, nomological, discriminant, and incremental validity analyses.
  • Examined measurement invariance between US and Japanese samples.

Main Results:

  • The developed GEO scale is distinct from other social exchange and prosocial orientation measures.
  • The GEO scale demonstrated factorial, nomological, discriminant, and incremental validity.
  • GEO scale invariance was confirmed across US and Japanese samples.
  • GEO significantly predicted citizenship behaviors beyond established dispositional antecedents.

Conclusions:

  • The new GEO scale provides a robust measurement for generalized exchange orientation.
  • GEO is a unique construct that contributes to understanding prosocial and citizenship behaviors.
  • Findings have implications for research on cooperation, trust, and social exchange in diverse cultural contexts.