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Water-reducers, or plasticizers, are chemical admixtures used in concrete to improve strength and workability. These additives reduce the water-cement ratio without compromising workability, lower the cement content while maintaining the same workability, or increase workability to assist concrete placement in inaccessible areas.
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and...
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It is essential to understand how structural members behave under plastic deformation when the bending stress exceeds the material's yield strength. This state of deformation permanently alters the shape of the member, in contrast to the linear elastic behavior observed before yielding. The strain at any point in the member is expressed in terms of maximum strain. Notably, the neutral axis, which coincides with the centroid during elastic bending, shifts away from the centroid under plastic...
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Stem Cells and Plastic Surgery.

Nikhil A Agrawal1, Dmitry Zavlin2, Matthew R Louis3

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Pluripotent stem cells offer regenerative potential for tissue reconstruction. Understanding stem cell science and applications is crucial for plastic surgeons evaluating new commercial products.

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Area of Science:

  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Pluripotent stem cells possess the ability to differentiate into various cell types, enabling tissue regeneration.
  • Plastic surgery frequently requires tissue creation or modification, highlighting the relevance of stem cell therapies.
  • The commercialization of stem cell products necessitates a clear understanding of their scientific basis and clinical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the fundamental science of stem cells and their mechanisms of action.
  • To discuss current applications of stem cells relevant to plastic surgery.
  • To equip plastic surgeons with the knowledge to evaluate emerging stem cell technologies and products.

Main Methods:

  • Review of basic stem cell science.
  • Discussion of current clinical applications in plastic surgery.
  • Analysis of theories behind stem cell function.

Main Results:

  • Stem cells hold significant promise for tissue regeneration and reconstruction.
  • Several stem cell applications are currently utilized or under investigation in plastic surgery.
  • An understanding of stem cell principles aids in assessing the validity of commercial offerings.

Conclusions:

  • Plastic surgeons must grasp stem cell biology to critically assess new regenerative medicine technologies.
  • Informed evaluation of commercial stem cell products is essential for advancing patient care.
  • Stem cell research continues to evolve, offering new avenues for tissue repair and augmentation.