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Atomic Orbitals02:44

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An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.
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Orbitals are the areas outside of the atomic nucleus where electrons are most likely to reside. They are characterized by different energy levels, shapes, and three-dimensional orientations. The location of electrons is described most generally by a shell or principal energy level, then by a subshell within each shell, and finally, by individual orbitals found within the subshells.
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The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
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Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures
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Orbital Exenteration: A 23-year Report.

Abolfazl Kasaee1, Bahram Eshraghi1, Shahbaz Nekoozadeh1

  • 1Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit, Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Korean Journal of Ophthalmology : KJO
|August 8, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Orbital exenteration, a disfiguring procedure for orbital cancers, was performed on 176 patients. Basal cell carcinoma of the eyelid was the most common indication, highlighting the need for early diagnosis and patient education.

Keywords:
Basal cell carcinomaOrbital exenterartionPerineural

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Oncology
  • Surgical Pathology

Background:

  • Orbital exenteration is a significant surgical procedure for advanced orbital and periorbital malignancies.
  • The psychological and anatomical impact on patients necessitates careful consideration of indications and outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the indications, surgical techniques, and outcomes of orbital exenteration in a cohort of 176 patients.
  • To identify the most common malignancies requiring this procedure and analyze demographic data.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective analysis of medical records for patients undergoing orbital exenteration between March 1991 and March 2014.
  • Data collected included patient demographics, diagnosis, primary tumor site, surgical technique, and histopathological findings.

Main Results:

  • 176 patients underwent orbital exenteration, with ages ranging from 1 to 91 years.
  • Basal cell carcinoma (28%) and squamous cell carcinoma (23.5%) of the eyelid were the most frequent indications.
  • Adnexal malignancies were the most common tumors secondarily involving the orbit, with eyelids being the most frequent site of involvement (50.5%).

Conclusions:

  • The frequency of orbital exenteration has increased, predominantly for eyelid basal cell carcinoma.
  • Patient education on early detection of periocular lesions is crucial to reduce the need for extensive surgical intervention.