Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Hypothesis: Accept or Fail to Reject?01:17

Hypothesis: Accept or Fail to Reject?

29.3K
The outcome of any hypothesis testing leads to rejecting or not rejecting the null hypothesis. This decision is taken based on the analysis of the data, an appropriate test statistic, an appropriate confidence level, the critical values, and P-values. However, when the evidence suggests that the null hypothesis cannot be rejected, is it right to say, 'Accept' the null hypothesis?
There are two ways to indicate that the null hypothesis is not rejected. 'Accept' the null...
29.3K
Student t Distribution01:31

Student t Distribution

13.6K
The population standard deviation is rarely known in many day-to-day examples of statistics. When the sample sizes are large, it is easy to estimate the population standard deviation using a confidence interval, which provides results close enough to the original value. However, statisticians ran into problems when the sample size was small. A small sample size caused inaccuracies in the confidence interval.
The Student t distribution was developed by William S. Goset (1876–1937) of the...
13.6K
Microsoft Excel: Student's t-Test01:25

Microsoft Excel: Student's t-Test

1.6K
Student's t-test in Microsoft Excel is a statistical method used to compare the means of two groups to determine if they are significantly different from each other. It's commonly used to evaluate hypotheses, such as testing whether a treatment has an effect compared to a control group. Excel provides built-in functions to perform t-tests, making it accessible for users needing to conduct basic statistical analysis.
To conduct a t-test in Excel, use the T.TEST function or the "Data...
1.6K
Requirements for Human Life01:26

Requirements for Human Life

13.1K
The Earth and its atmosphere have provided humans with air, water, and food, but these are not the only requirements for survival. Humans also require a specific range of temperature and pressure that the Earth and its atmosphere provides.
Oxygen
Atmospheric air is only about 20 percent oxygen, but that oxygen is a key component of the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that produce ATP. Brain cells are susceptible to a lack of oxygen because they require a...
13.1K
Incentive Theory: Pull Theory of Motivation01:18

Incentive Theory: Pull Theory of Motivation

901
Incentive theory, or the "pull theory" of motivation, suggests that external rewards primarily drive behavior. Individuals are motivated to engage in activities when they anticipate a desirable outcome. This is why people often work hard for promotions or study intensively to achieve high grades. These incentives can be tangible, physical rewards such as money or promotions, or intangible, non-physical rewards like praise and social recognition.
The theory differentiates between...
901
Comparing Experimental Results: Student's t-Test01:09

Comparing Experimental Results: Student's t-Test

5.1K
The t-test is a statistical method used to compare the sample mean with a population mean or compare two means from two data sets. The test statistic is calculated from the standard deviation, mean, and number of measurements in the data set at a selected confidence interval and then compared to a table of critical values at this confidence level. If the test statistic is smaller than the critical value, the null hypothesis is accepted. In this case, we state that the difference between the...
5.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Development and Validation of a Tool for Evaluating Self-regulated and Self-directed Aptitudes of Learning (SELF-ReDiAL).

Medical science educator·2026
Same author

Prescription for change: Unveiling burnout perspectives among pharmacy leaders.

Canadian pharmacists journal : CPJ = Revue des pharmaciens du Canada : RPC·2024
Same author

Impact of education and clinic site champion on extragenital testing for sexually transmitted infections.

International journal of STD & AIDS·2024
Same author

Some People are Different from You: A Case Study of a Cultural and Ethical Problem in Global Health.

Innovations in pharmacy·2023
Same author

Ranking of Curricular Content by Pharmacy Students and Community Pharmacists.

Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland)·2022
Same author

Implementation and evaluation of a practice transformation advanced pharmacy practice experience.

Currents in pharmacy teaching & learning·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Improving Student Outcomes with an Adaptable Molecular Cloning Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience
10:17

Improving Student Outcomes with an Adaptable Molecular Cloning Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience

Published on: November 15, 2024

1.7K

Financial Incentive Required for Pharmacy Students to Accept a Post-Graduation Position in Rural and Undesirable

Erin Ulrich1, Jonathan Hurdelbrink2, Jason Perepelkin3

  • 1College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Drake University, Des Moines, IA 50311, USA. erin.ulrich@drake.edu.

Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 9, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Pharmacy students require significant salary increases to accept rural positions. Canadian students also seek higher pay for roles with less patient interaction, highlighting geographic and practice preference variations.

Keywords:
economic valuationjob preferencepharmacy studentruralrural pharmacy

More Related Videos

A Protocol to Set Up Needle-Free Connector with Positive Displacement on Central Venous Catheter in Intensive Care Unit
09:57

A Protocol to Set Up Needle-Free Connector with Positive Displacement on Central Venous Catheter in Intensive Care Unit

Published on: July 13, 2019

13.7K
Conducting Respiratory Oscillometry in an Outpatient Setting
14:49

Conducting Respiratory Oscillometry in an Outpatient Setting

Published on: April 8, 2022

8.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Improving Student Outcomes with an Adaptable Molecular Cloning Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience
10:17

Improving Student Outcomes with an Adaptable Molecular Cloning Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience

Published on: November 15, 2024

1.7K
A Protocol to Set Up Needle-Free Connector with Positive Displacement on Central Venous Catheter in Intensive Care Unit
09:57

A Protocol to Set Up Needle-Free Connector with Positive Displacement on Central Venous Catheter in Intensive Care Unit

Published on: July 13, 2019

13.7K
Conducting Respiratory Oscillometry in an Outpatient Setting
14:49

Conducting Respiratory Oscillometry in an Outpatient Setting

Published on: April 8, 2022

8.4K

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacy education
  • Rural health workforce studies
  • Health economics

Background:

  • 20% of pharmacy graduates faced unemployment in 2018.
  • Numerous pharmacy positions remain unfilled annually, predominantly in rural regions.
  • Addressing rural pharmacy shortages is critical for healthcare access.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the financial incentives needed for pharmacy students to accept rural practice.
  • To understand pharmacy student preferences for job attributes, including patient interaction levels.
  • To identify factors influencing post-graduation employment decisions.

Main Methods:

  • Anonymous online questionnaire distributed to pharmacy students.
  • Discrete Choice Experiment (DCE) methodology for preference elicitation.
  • Conditional Logit models used for data analysis.

Main Results:

  • 283 students from US (IA, ND, SD) and Canada (SK, MB) participated.
  • American students require an additional $18,738 for rural practice.
  • Canadian students require an additional $17,156 for rural practice.
  • Canadian students need an additional $7,125 for low-interaction community pharmacy roles.

Conclusions:

  • Significant financial incentives are necessary to attract pharmacy graduates to rural areas.
  • Patient interaction levels influence Canadian students' job preferences.
  • Geographic and provincial/state variations impact pharmacy student employment preferences.