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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area01:23

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Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are...
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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Transcription elongation is a dynamic process that alters depending upon the sequence heterogeneity of the DNA being transcribed. Hence, it is not surprising that the elongation complex's composition also varies along the way while transcribing a gene.
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Extrapolation Factors for Characterizing Freshwater Ecotoxicity Effects.

Nicolò Aurisano1, Paola Federica Albizzati2, Michael Hauschild1

  • 1Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
|August 9, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a decision tree to derive extrapolation factors for chemical ecotoxicity using available data from the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) regulation, improving environmental risk assessments.

Keywords:
Characterization modelingChemicalsEcotoxicological effectsEffect factorLife cycle impact assessment

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Toxicology
  • Ecotoxicology
  • Chemical Risk Assessment

Background:

  • Ecological risk assessment and life cycle impact assessment require long-term ecotoxicity data.
  • Chronic ecotoxicity data are often missing for chemicals under the REACH regulation, despite available acute data.
  • Utilizing acute data necessitates reliable extrapolation factors across endpoints, durations, and species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a decision tree for curating high-quality aquatic ecotoxicity data from REACH for organic chemicals.
  • To derive consistent generic and species group-specific extrapolation factors.
  • To provide alternative extrapolation methods using octanol-water partitioning coefficients when ecotoxicity data is absent.

Main Methods:

  • A decision tree with strict criteria was used to curate aquatic ecotoxicity data from REACH.
  • Extrapolation factors were derived for various endpoints, exposure durations, and species groups.
  • Octanol-water partitioning coefficients were used for extrapolation when direct ecotoxicity data was unavailable for nonpolar narcosis.

Main Results:

  • Extrapolation factors ranging from 0.2 to 7 were established.
  • Higher extrapolation factors were observed when crossing multiple endpoints and exposure durations simultaneously.
  • The derived factors are consistent with previous values but offer greater specificity and uncertainty characterization.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed decision tree and extrapolation factors enhance substance coverage for ecotoxicity characterization in assessment frameworks.
  • The methodology can be adapted for other data sources and environmental compartments like sediment.
  • This approach supports more robust environmental and chemical safety evaluations.