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Related Concept Videos

Classifying Matter by Composition03:35

Classifying Matter by Composition

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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories — pure substances and mixtures. 
A pure substance is a form of matter that has a constant composition throughout with uniform properties. For example, any sample of sucrose has the same composition and same physical properties, such as melting point, color, and sweetness, regardless of the source from which it is isolated. 
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Energy-releasing Steps of Glycolysis01:28

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Glycolysis is divided into two phases based on whether energy is utilized or released. While the first phase consumes ATP, the second phase produces energy in the form of ATP and NADH. The energy is released over a sequence of reactions that turns G3P into pyruvate. The energy-releasing phase—steps 6-10 of glycolysis—occurs twice, once for each of the two 3-carbon sugars produced during steps 1-5 of the first phase.
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Autoxidation of Ethers to Peroxides and Hydroperoxides02:23

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Ethers represent a class of chemical compounds that become more dangerous with prolonged storage because they tend to form explosive peroxides when standing in the air. Autoxidation is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly oxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides.
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In the presence of organic peroxides, the addition of hydrogen bromide to an alkene yields the isomer that is not predicted by Markovnikov’s rule. For example, the addition of hydrogen bromide to 2-methylpropene in the presence of peroxides gives 1-bromo-2-methylpropane. This addition reaction proceeds via a free radical mechanism, which reverses the regioselectivity. The free radical reaction mechanism involves three stages: initiation, propagation, and termination.
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Composition of Blood01:22

Composition of Blood

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The blood in our bodies comprises three major components: blood plasma, formed elements, and the extracellular matrix. Blood plasma is a yellowish fluid that constitutes 55% of the total blood volume. It is primarily made up of water and essential substances such as electrolytes and proteins. Blood plasma serves as a medium for transporting blood cells and also contains nutrients, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and gases.
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Composite Bodies00:55

Composite Bodies

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A composite body is a body made up of multiple parts, connected to form a larger, unified object. Each part has its own weight and center of gravity, which must be considered to determine the center of gravity of the composite body. In cases where the density or specific weight is constant, the center of gravity coincides with the centroid.
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Electrospinning Growth Factor Releasing Microspheres into Fibrous Scaffolds
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Oxygen-releasing polycaprolactone/calcium peroxide composite microspheres.

Mengen Zhang1, Tawan Kiratiwongwan1, Wei Shen1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part B, Applied Biomaterials
|August 9, 2019
PubMed
Summary

New oxygen-releasing polycaprolactone/calcium peroxide microspheres were developed. Double-walled microspheres best supported pancreatic beta cell viability in 2D cultures, while single-walled microspheres excelled in 3D cultures.

Keywords:
calcium peroxidecell survivalmicrospheresoxygen releasepolycaprolactone

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Hypoxia poses challenges for cell viability in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
  • Oxygen-releasing materials are crucial for creating a pro-angiogenic microenvironment.
  • Polycaprolactone (PCL) and calcium peroxide (CaO2) offer potential for oxygen delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To fabricate and characterize oxygen-releasing PCL/CaO2 composite microspheres.
  • To evaluate the oxygen release profiles of different microsphere structures.
  • To assess the efficacy of these microspheres in supporting pancreatic beta cell viability under hypoxic conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of homogenized, single-walled, and double-walled PCL/CaO2 microspheres using homogenization and electrospray techniques.
  • Characterization using scanning electron microscopy and Alizarin Red S staining.
  • In vitro evaluation of oxygen release in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) under hypoxia.
  • Assessment of MIN6 pancreatic beta cell viability and metabolic activity in 2D and 3D cultures.

Main Results:

  • Microsphere morphology varied, with homogenized microspheres showing pores and double-walled microspheres exhibiting a core-shell structure.
  • All microsphere types maintained oxygen tension above 10% for 3-5 days.
  • All PCL/CaO2 microspheres supported MIN6 cell viability for one week in 2D culture.
  • Double-walled microspheres showed the highest metabolic activity in 2D cultures, while single-walled microspheres yielded the highest live cell density in 3D cultures.

Conclusions:

  • Oxygen-releasing PCL/CaO2 microspheres can be fabricated with distinct structures.
  • Double-walled and single-walled microspheres demonstrate differential efficacy in supporting pancreatic beta cells in 2D and 3D cultures, respectively.
  • These findings suggest tailored applications for different microsphere designs in regenerative medicine.