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Laminar flow represents a smooth, orderly fluid motion where particles move along parallel paths, resulting in minimal mixing between layers. Streamlined particle paths characterize this flow regime and occur under conditions where viscous forces dominate over inertial forces. The distinction between laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow is primarily determined by the Reynolds number, a dimensionless quantity calculated as:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Characterization of Human Monocyte Subsets by Whole Blood Flow Cytometry Analysis
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Flow Cytometry Analysis to Identify Human CD4+ T Cell Subsets.

Jacqueline Flynn1,2,3, Paul Gorry4

  • 1Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. jacqueline.flynn@monash.edu.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|August 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details a flow cytometry protocol for analyzing human CD4+ T cell subsets. The method uses cell surface markers to distinguish between naive and memory T cell populations.

Keywords:
CD markersCD4+ T cellsFlow cytometryMemory T cellsNaïve T cellsT cell subsets

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Flow cytometry is a versatile technique for analyzing single cells.
  • It quantifies cell characteristics like size, granularity, and fluorescently labeled markers.
  • Simultaneous multiparameter analysis of cells is achievable with flow cytometry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a protocol for detecting human CD4+ T cell subsets.
  • To differentiate naive and memory T cell subpopulations using surface marker phenotyping.
  • To provide a standardized method for flow cytometry analysis of T cells.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of a single-cell suspension.
  • Staining with flow cytometry antibodies targeting specific surface markers.
  • Analysis of stained cells using a flow cytometer.

Main Results:

  • The protocol enables precise identification of CD4+ T cell subsets.
  • Distinction between naive and memory T cell populations is achieved.
  • The method is adaptable for different cell types by altering antibody targets.

Conclusions:

  • This flow cytometry protocol effectively characterizes human CD4+ T cell subsets.
  • The standardized method facilitates reproducible phenotyping of naive and memory T cells.
  • Optimized antibody selection and titration are crucial for successful analysis.