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Related Concept Videos

Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

Batteries and Fuel Cells

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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals
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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Transitional Metal Catalytic Pyrite Cathode Enables Ultrastable Four-Electron-Based All-Solid-State Lithium

Hongli Wan1,2, Gaozhan Liu1,2, Yanle Li1,3

  • 1Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , P. R. China.

ACS Nano
|August 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Cobalt-enhanced pyrite (FeS2) all-solid-state batteries show improved stability and capacity. Nanostructure engineering and cobalt doping boost electrochemical performance for advanced lithium-ion storage.

Keywords:
density functional theory calculationfour electron storagenanostructure engineeringpseudocapacitive behaviortransitional metal catalytic pyrite

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • All-solid-state batteries offer potential for high-capacity lithium-ion storage using materials like pyrite (FeS2).
  • Challenges include electrode pulverization due to strain and slow electrochemical reactions, limiting long-term cycling stability.
  • Pyrite (FeS2) enables four-electron lithium storage, but its practical application is hindered by stability issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance the electrochemical activity and cycling stability of pyrite (FeS2) in all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries.
  • To investigate the effects of nanostructure engineering and cobalt doping on FeS2 performance.
  • To elucidate the reaction mechanisms governing the electrochemical processes.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of cobalt-doped pyrite (Co0.1Fe0.9S2) with optimized nanostructures.
  • Electrochemical testing of all-solid-state lithium batteries using density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
  • Ex situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy to analyze electrode structural evolution.

Main Results:

  • The optimized Co0.1Fe0.9S2 demonstrated significantly improved reversible capacities (e.g., 860.5 mAh g⁻¹ at 100 mA g⁻¹ after five cycles).
  • Stable cycling performance was achieved, with 543.5 mAh g⁻¹ maintained after 100 cycles at 500 mA g⁻¹.
  • Analysis revealed the formation of specific iron sulfide phases (mackinawite FeS, Fe3S4) after the initial discharge-charge cycle, indicating a stable reaction pathway.

Conclusions:

  • Nanostructure engineering and cobalt doping effectively improve the electrochemical activity and cycling stability of FeS2 in all-solid-state batteries.
  • The study provides a facile method for enhancing the performance of multi-electron reaction-based battery chemistries.
  • The findings pave the way for developing more robust and high-capacity all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries utilizing pyrite.