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Related Concept Videos

Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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Frames01:30

Frames

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Frames are essential components of various mechanical and structural systems used daily. These structures are known for their stability and ability to bear heavy loads. A frame is constructed using two-force and multi-force members, interconnected using pin joints. In contrast, trusses are made entirely of two-force members.
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Frames: Problem Solving I01:24

Frames: Problem Solving I

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Consider a jib crane with an external load suspended from the pulley. The dimensions of the crane members are shown in the figure. A systematic analysis of the frame structure is required to determine the reaction forces at the pin joints, assuming that the pulleys are frictionless.
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Frames: Problem Solving II01:26

Frames: Problem Solving II

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Consider a hydraulic hoist supporting a load of 1 kN. Assuming a simplified schematic representation of this frame structure, the force acting on BD and BF members can be determined.
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Inertial Frames of Reference01:03

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Newton’s first law is usually considered to be a statement about reference frames. It provides a method for identifying a special type of reference frame: the inertial reference frame. In principle, we can make the net force on a body zero. If its velocity relative to a given frame is constant, then that frame is said to be inertial. So, by definition, an inertial reference frame is a reference frame where Newton's first law holds valid. Newton's first law applies to objects with...
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Non-inertial Frames of Reference01:27

Non-inertial Frames of Reference

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A reference frame accelerating or decelerating relative to an inertial frame is a non-inertial frame. To help understand this, consider what taking off in an airplane, turning a corner in a car, riding a merry-go-round, and the circular motion of a tropical cyclone all have in common. All these systems are accelerating, decelerating, or rotating relative to the Earth; hence, they all are non-inertial frames. All these systems exhibit inertial forces, which merely seem to arise from motion,...
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Related Experiment Video

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Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery
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iMAP Beamforming for High-Quality High Frame Rate Imaging.

Tanya Chernyakova, Dan Cohen, Meged Shoham

    IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control
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    This study introduces an iterative Maximum A Posteriori (iMAP) beamformer, a statistical method improving ultrasound imaging. iMAP effectively suppresses interference, enhancing image contrast and quality with fewer transmissions than standard methods.

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    Area of Science:

    • Ultrasound imaging
    • Statistical signal processing
    • Medical imaging

    Background:

    • Standard delay-and-sum (DAS) beamforming in ultrasound imaging faces limitations with interference.
    • Interference degrades image quality, reducing contrast and diagnostic accuracy.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a novel statistical beamforming method to overcome DAS limitations.
    • To improve interference suppression and enhance image contrast and quality in ultrasound.
    • To reduce the number of transmissions required for high-quality imaging.

    Main Methods:

    • A statistical interpretation of beamforming viewing signals and interference as random variables.
    • Formulation of the beamformer as a maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimator.
    • Development of an iterative MAP (iMAP) beamformer using an empirical Bayes approach for parameter estimation.
    • Evaluation of contrast metrics: contrast ratio (CR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and contrast-to-speckle ratio (CSR).

    Main Results:

    • The proposed iMAP beamformer effectively suppresses interference compared to DAS.
    • iMAP achieves comparable contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) with significantly fewer transmissions (13) versus DAS (75 plane waves).
    • iMAP demonstrates improved contrast and better speckle pattern preservation compared to coherence factor and scaled Wiener methods.

    Conclusions:

    • The iterative MAP (iMAP) beamformer offers a statistically robust alternative to DAS processing.
    • iMAP enhances image quality by reducing interference without increasing computational complexity.
    • This method holds promise for improving ultrasound imaging efficiency and diagnostic capabilities.