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Vitamins, derived from the Latin word for life, are essential organic substances required in small quantities for optimal growth and overall well-being. Unlike other organic nutrients, vitamins don't act as sources of energy or building materials but rather facilitate these nutrients' utilization by the body. Vitamins are predominantly coenzymes, assisting enzymes in specific chemical actions, like the oxidation of glucose for energy involving B vitamins. Most vitamins are not produced...
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The cardiovascular system is a vital transportation system in the body. It comprises the heart and blood vessels and facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products.
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Intrinsically disordered proteins are a group of proteins that do not fold into specific three-dimensional structures. Their structural flexibility allows them to complement ordered proteins to perform functions that are inaccessible to rigid structures. They are more common in eukaryotes than prokaryotes and may either be exclusively intrinsically disordered or hybrid proteins, consisting of a mix of ordered and disordered regions. The absence of a rigid structure in these proteins can be...
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Regulation of the Cardiovascular System01:27

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The regulation of the cardiovascular system allows the body to adapt to various demands and maintain homeostasis.
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Electrolytes are essential minerals and ions primarily obtained from the diet and absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. Most electrolytes are absorbed in the small intestine. While the absorption of iron and calcium primarily occurs in the duodenum, calcium is also absorbed in the jejunum and ileum. In these regions, passive diffusion contributes to its absorption alongside active transport mechanisms in the duodenum. These ions can exit the enterocytes through specialized active...
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Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis01:23

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The skin plays a crucial role in the synthesis of vitamin D, a vital nutrient for various physiological processes in the body. Vitamin D is unique because it can be synthesized in the skin through a series of chemical reactions triggered by exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight.
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Vitamin D and cardiovascular disorders.

R Bouillon1

  • 1Clinical & Experimental Endocrinology, Department Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 ON1 box 902, 3000, Leuven, Belgium. roger.bouillon@kuleuven.be.

Osteoporosis International : a Journal Established As Result of Cooperation Between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA
|August 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Vitamin D plays a role in cardiovascular health, with preclinical studies suggesting risks. However, human studies show mixed results, leaving the exact impact of vitamin D on heart health uncertain.

Keywords:
25-Hydroxyvitamin DCardiovascular healthMendelian randomization studiesMyocardial infarctionStrokeVitamin DVitamin D receptor

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Vitamin D is crucial for bone health and influences extra-skeletal systems.
  • The vitamin D endocrine system affects cardiovascular gene and protein expression.
  • Preclinical studies indicate vitamin D deficiency may lead to cardiovascular events.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between vitamin D status and cardiovascular health.
  • To evaluate the impact of vitamin D on cardiovascular endpoints.
  • To reconcile conflicting evidence from preclinical and clinical studies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of preclinical animal studies on vitamin D deficiency.
  • Analysis of observational studies linking vitamin D status to cardiovascular events.
  • Examination of Mendelian randomization studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Main Results:

  • Preclinical data suggest vitamin D deficiency increases risks for atherosclerosis, hypertension, and coagulation disorders.
  • Observational studies consistently show an association between low vitamin D and cardiovascular markers/events.
  • Mendelian randomization and RCTs have yielded inconsistent or null findings regarding vitamin D's effect on hard cardiovascular endpoints.

Conclusions:

  • Preclinical data support a hypothesis linking vitamin D to cardiovascular health.
  • Clinical trial results are inconclusive, questioning the direct impact of vitamin D on cardiovascular events.
  • Further research is needed to determine if RCTs were optimally designed or if the vitamin D system is redundant for vascular health.