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Related Concept Videos

Directing Effect of Substituents: meta-Directing Groups01:09

Directing Effect of Substituents: meta-Directing Groups

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Substituents on the benzene ring that direct an incoming electrophile to undergo substitution at the meta position are called meta directors. All meta directors either have a positive charge on the atom directly bonded to the ring or a partial positive charge. These groups function by withdrawing electrons from the ring through inductive and resonance effects. Consider the carbocation intermediates formed upon the addition of an electrophile on nitrobenzene at the...
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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

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All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...
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Qualitative Analysis03:46

Qualitative Analysis

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For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
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Dimensional analysis, also known as the factor label method, is a versatile approach for mathematical operations. The main principle behind this approach is: the units of quantities must be subjected to the same mathematical operations as their associated numbers. This method can be applied to computations ranging from simple unit conversions to more complex and multi-step calculations involving several different quantities and their units.
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Updated: Jan 21, 2026

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Revision adenoidectomy in children: a meta-analysis.

C-H Lee1, W-C Hsu2, J-Y Ko3

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology, Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Hsin Sheng Junior College of Medical Care and Management, Taoyuan, Taiwan.

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|August 13, 2019
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Summary

Revision adenoidectomy occurs in 1.9% of pediatric cases. Current evidence does not link specific surgical techniques to revision rates in children undergoing adenoidectomy.

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Pediatric Surgery
  • Evidence-Based Medicine

Background:

  • Adenoidectomy is a common pediatric surgical procedure.
  • Revision surgery may be required due to regrowth or persistent symptoms.
  • Understanding revision rates is crucial for optimizing patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate the overall rate of revision surgery after pediatric adenoidectomy.
  • To compare revision rates based on patient conditions and surgical techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases.
  • Pooled analysis of 16 studies involving 95,727 children using a random-effect model.
  • Subgroup analyses conducted for various settings, countries, risk of bias, and surgical techniques.

Main Results:

  • The overall rate of revision adenoidectomy was found to be 1.9%.
  • No significant association was found between age at surgery/follow-up and revision rates.
  • Surgical techniques (curettage, suction cautery, microdebridement, coblation) did not significantly impact revision rates.

Conclusions:

  • Revision surgery following pediatric adenoidectomy occurs in 1.9% of cases.
  • There is insufficient evidence to establish a correlation between specific surgical techniques and revision rates.