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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Facilitated Diffusion01:16

Facilitated Diffusion

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The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
In this process, substrates such as organic compounds and ions interact with a transporter on one side, triggering conformational changes in proteins that enable...
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Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion03:48

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

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Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
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Protein Diffusion in the Membrane01:24

Protein Diffusion in the Membrane

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Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
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Diffusion on Chromatography Columns01:07

Diffusion on Chromatography Columns

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In column chromatography, when an analyte is introduced as a narrow band at the top of the column, the solutes begin to separate and broaden, developing a Gaussian profile. This broadening occurs due to various factors, such as longitudinal diffusion.
Longitudinal diffusion occurs when the solute molecules in the mobile phase diffuse from the more concentrated center of the chromatographic band to the more dilute regions on either side, both towards and against the flow direction. This...
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A Rat Model of EcoHIV Brain Infection
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Isavuconazole Diffusion in Infected Human Brain.

Claire Rouzaud1, Vincent Jullien2, Anne Herbrecht3

  • 1Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Institut Imagine, AP-HP, Paris University, Paris, France.

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
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Summary

This study investigated isavuconazole levels in brain tissue for patients with cerebral aspergillosis. Results show significantly different drug concentrations in infected brain tissue compared to normal brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid.

Keywords:
cerebral aspergillosisisavuconazolepharmacokinetictherapeutic drug monitoring

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Area of Science:

  • Mycology
  • Pharmacology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Cerebral aspergillosis is a severe fungal infection of the brain.
  • Treatment of invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients can be challenging.
  • Isavuconazole is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent used for invasive aspergillosis.

Observation:

  • Two patients with cerebral aspergillosis, one with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and another with chronic granulomatous disease, showed disease progression despite adequate isavuconazole plasma concentrations.
  • Radical surgery was required due to infection progression or neurological complications.
  • Isavuconazole concentrations in infected brain tissue were measured to understand drug distribution.

Findings:

  • Isavuconazole concentrations in infected brain tissue were significantly different compared to normal brain tissue.
  • Brain tissue isavuconazole concentrations also differed from cerebrospinal fluid concentrations.
  • These variations suggest suboptimal drug delivery to the infected brain areas.

Implications:

  • Current dosing of isavuconazole may not achieve therapeutic concentrations in infected brain tissue.
  • Further research is needed to optimize isavuconazole dosing for cerebral aspergillosis.
  • Understanding drug penetration into the infected brain is crucial for improving patient outcomes in invasive fungal infections.