Freshwater Fungal Infections

Area of Science:

• Mycology
• Infectious Diseases
• Dermatology

Background:

• Fungal infections from freshwater exposure or trauma are uncommon but can be caused by various agents, including filamentous fungi and Candida.
• Potential exposure sources range from recreational water activities to traumatic injuries during natural disasters.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the spectrum of fungal infections associated with freshwater exposure.
• To highlight clinical presentations, including common conditions like fungal keratitis and otitis externa, as well as rare deep-seated infections.
• To provide guidance on suspecting fungal etiology in challenging cases.

Main Methods:

• This is a narrative review.
• Literature search on fungal infections related to freshwater exposure and trauma.
• Synthesis of information on etiologic agents, exposure sources, and clinical manifestations.

Main Results:

• Common infections include fungal keratitis, acute otitis externa, and tinea pedis.
• Rare but severe infections can affect deep soft tissues, bone, lungs, or the central nervous system, particularly after trauma.
• Fungal causes should be considered when bacterial infections do not respond to therapy or cultures are negative.

Conclusions:

• Fungal infections following freshwater exposure are rare but diverse, ranging from superficial to life-threatening deep infections.
• Early suspicion and appropriate diagnostic considerations are crucial for effective management.
• This review underscores the importance of considering fungal pathogens in specific clinical contexts involving freshwater or trauma.