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Related Concept Videos

Common Ion Effect03:24

Common Ion Effect

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Electron Carriers01:24

Electron Carriers

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Electron carriers can be thought of as electron shuttles. These compounds can easily accept electrons (i.e., be reduced) or lose them (i.e., be oxidized). They play an essential role in energy production because cellular respiration is contingent on the flow of electrons.
Over the many stages of cellular respiration, glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water. Electron carriers pick up electrons lost by glucose in these reactions, temporarily storing and releasing them into the electron...
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Electron Affinity03:07

Electron Affinity

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The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion).
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Common Respiratory Disorders01:31

Common Respiratory Disorders

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Respiratory disorders, a prevalent health concern globally, are generally divided into two primary categories: upper and lower respiratory tract disorders. The categorization is based on the area of the respiratory system they affect.
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Electron Behavior00:54

Electron Behavior

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Overview
Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that are attracted to an orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in locations that are associated with energy levels called shells and are further organized into sub-shells and orbitals within each shell.
Electrons Orbit the Nucleus
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A Microcontroller Operated Device for the Generation of Liquid Extracts from Conventional Cigarette Smoke and Electronic Cigarette Aerosol
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A Microcontroller Operated Device for the Generation of Liquid Extracts from Conventional Cigarette Smoke and Electronic Cigarette Aerosol

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Electronic Cigarettes: Common Questions and Answers.

Michael D Klein1, Natasha A Sokol1, Laura R Stroud1

  • 1Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.

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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) may help some adults quit smoking, but long-term health effects and risks, especially for youth, remain unknown. Public health guidance advises against e-cigarette use, particularly for young people and pregnant women.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Toxicology
  • Addiction Medicine

Background:

  • Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are widely used, often marketed as safer alternatives to traditional cigarettes.
  • Adult e-cigarette users are typically current or former smokers attempting to reduce or quit smoking.
  • Concerns exist regarding the long-term health impacts and the popularity of e-cigarettes among youth.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of e-cigarette use, associated health risks, and public health recommendations.
  • To evaluate the evidence regarding e-cigarettes' role in smoking cessation.
  • To highlight the risks of e-cigarette use in vulnerable populations, including adolescents and pregnant women.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of existing literature on e-cigarette health effects and cessation efficacy.
  • Analysis of data on e-cigarette use patterns in different demographics, particularly youth.
  • Examination of toxicological profiles and nicotine exposure risks associated with e-cigarettes.

Main Results:

  • Switching to e-cigarettes may reduce exposure to toxicants and short-term respiratory symptoms but long-term effects are unknown.
  • Evidence for e-cigarettes promoting smoking cessation has low certainty.
  • E-cigarette use poses risks including heavy metal exposure, nicotine poisoning, and is linked to increased subsequent use of other substances in youth.

Conclusions:

  • E-cigarette use presents potential health risks and unknown long-term consequences.
  • Screening for e-cigarette use is recommended for all age groups, with specific counseling for youth and pregnant women.
  • Public health interventions should focus on preventing youth e-cigarette uptake and advising cessation for all users, especially pregnant women due to nicotine's teratogenic properties.