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Repetition increases perceived truth equally for plausible and implausible statements.

Lisa K Fazio1, David G Rand2, Gordon Pennycook3

  • 1Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, 230 Appleton Place #552, Jesup 105, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA. lisa.fazio@vanderbilt.edu.

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Repetition makes statements seem truer, even obviously false ones. This illusory truth effect is robust across all statement types, increasing belief with repeated exposure.

Keywords:
Illusory truthPlausibilityRepetitionTruth

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Social Psychology

Background:

  • The illusory truth effect demonstrates that repeated exposure to a statement increases its perceived truthfulness.
  • It has been debated whether this effect applies to unambiguous statements, with some suggesting repetition has no impact on obviously true or false claims.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether repetition influences belief in statements across all levels of plausibility.
  • To test the hypothesis that unambiguous statements are immune to the illusory truth effect.

Main Methods:

  • A simulation study was conducted.
  • A preregistered experimental study was performed to examine the impact of repetition on statement believability.

Main Results:

  • Results indicated that belief in all statements, regardless of initial plausibility, increased with repetition.
  • The illusory truth effect was most pronounced for ambiguous statements, but this is attributed to task psychometrics, not a psychological blocking mechanism.
  • The effect is highly robust and occurs across all plausibility levels.

Conclusions:

  • Repetition consistently enhances the perceived truth of statements, even highly implausible ones.
  • The illusory truth effect is not limited to ambiguous statements and appears to be a general cognitive phenomenon.
  • Sufficient repetition can make even false statements seem more plausible.