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Related Concept Videos

Plasticizers01:31

Plasticizers

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Water-reducers, or plasticizers, are chemical admixtures used in concrete to improve strength and workability. These additives reduce the water-cement ratio without compromising workability, lower the cement content while maintaining the same workability, or increase workability to assist concrete placement in inaccessible areas.
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Plasticity is the property where an object loses its elasticity and undergoes irreversible deformation, even after the deformation forces are eliminated. If a material deforms irreversibly without increasing stress or load, then this is called ideal plasticity. For example, when a force is applied to an aluminum rod, it changes its shape, but it does not return to its original shape once the force is removed. Plastic deformation or ductility is thus a permanent deformation or change in the...
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A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and...
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Plastic Deformations01:14

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It is essential to understand how structural members behave under plastic deformation when the bending stress exceeds the material's yield strength. This state of deformation permanently alters the shape of the member, in contrast to the linear elastic behavior observed before yielding. The strain at any point in the member is expressed in terms of maximum strain. Notably, the neutral axis, which coincides with the centroid during elastic bending, shifts away from the centroid under plastic...
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Plastic deformation represents a fundamental concept in materials science, which explains the irreversible change in the shape of a material when it experiences stress beyond its elastic capability. This phenomenon is important in structural engineering, especially in designing and analyzing cantilever beams—structures that are securely fixed at one end and bear loads at the opposite end. When these beams are subjected to loads within their elastic range, they will return to their...
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The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
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Macrophage Plasticity and Function in the Eye and Heart.

Zelun Wang1, Andrew L Koenig2, Kory J Lavine3

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.

Trends in Immunology
|August 20, 2019
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Macrophages, key immune cells, exhibit diverse functions and plasticity, influencing aging-related cardiovascular and eye diseases. Understanding their heterogeneity offers new therapeutic avenues.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Macrophages are crucial for inflammation and tissue repair.
  • Recent research highlights macrophage subpopulation diversity and functional roles in health and disease.
  • Macrophage plasticity allows adaptation to changing tissue environments, particularly during aging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of macrophage biology, focusing on heterogeneity and plasticity.
  • To explore the dual role of macrophages in aging-related cardiovascular and ocular diseases.
  • To identify potential therapeutic strategies based on novel insights into macrophage behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on macrophage heterogeneity and function.
  • Analysis of macrophage roles in aging, cardiovascular diseases, and eye diseases.
  • Synthesis of information on mechanisms regulating macrophage behavior.

Main Results:

  • Macrophages display significant diversity in identity and function.
  • Macrophage plasticity is a key factor in their response to aging.
  • Macrophages have a complex, often opposing, role in cardiovascular and eye diseases associated with aging.

Conclusions:

  • Novel perspectives on macrophage biology reveal diverse identities and functions.
  • Understanding macrophage plasticity and heterogeneity is critical for aging research.
  • Targeting macrophage behavior presents promising therapeutic opportunities for age-related diseases.