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The tonicity of a solution determines if a cell gains or loses water in that solution. The tonicity depends on the permeability of the cell membrane for different solutes and the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes in the solution within and outside of the cell. If a semipermeable membrane hinders the passage of some solutes but allows water to follow its concentration gradient, water moves from the side with low osmolarity (i.e., less solute) to the side with higher osmolarity (i.e.,...
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The early pioneers of microscopy opened a window into the invisible world of microorganisms. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes that leveraged nonvisible light, such as fluorescence microscopy that uses an ultraviolet light source and electron microscopy that uses short-wavelength electron beams. These advances significantly improved magnification, image resolution, and contrast. By comparison, the...
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Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Rabies Necropsy Techniques in Large and Small Animals
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Rabies Necropsy Techniques in Large and Small Animals.

Jodie A Jarvis1, Kathleen T Brown2, Kim A Appler2

  • 1Rabies Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health; jodie.jarvis@health.ny.gov.

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Summary

The New York State Department of Health Rabies Laboratory developed new necropsy techniques for animal specimens. These methods reduce exposure risks and processing time for rabies testing.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Pathology
  • Infectious Disease Diagnostics
  • Public Health Laboratory Science

Background:

  • The New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) Rabies Laboratory handles 6,000-9,000 animal specimens annually for rabies testing.
  • Most specimens exhibit neurological signs, but less than 10% test positive for rabies, indicating other causes like trauma or infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present three novel necropsy techniques for animal specimens with skulls impenetrable by standard scissors.
  • To address the risk of aerosolizing infectious agents during necropsy.
  • To improve laboratory efficiency and reduce specimen manipulation.

Main Methods:

  • Description of three distinct necropsy techniques designed for difficult-to-access animal skulls.
  • Implementation of safety protocols to prevent aerosolization of infectious agents.
  • Focus on techniques that minimize specimen handling and processing duration.

Main Results:

  • The presented techniques allow for effective necropsy of challenging specimens without power tools.
  • These methods decrease the risk of exposure to potential undiagnosed infectious agents.
  • The techniques contribute to reduced processing times in the rabies diagnostic workflow.

Conclusions:

  • The developed necropsy techniques are effective for rabies testing laboratories handling diverse animal specimens.
  • These methods enhance laboratory safety and efficiency, crucial for public health surveillance.
  • The choice of technique depends on the expertise of the individual performing the necropsy.