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Related Concept Videos

Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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What is Gene Expression?01:42

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
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Cell Type-specific Gene Expression Profiling in the Mouse Liver
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Cell Type-Specific Expression of Testis Elevated Genes Based on Transcriptomics and Antibody-Based Proteomics.

Charles Pineau1,2, Feria Hikmet3, Cheng Zhang4

  • 1Univ Rennes , Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085 , 35042 Rennes Cedex, France.

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|August 21, 2019
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Summary

This study identifies over 500 proteins in the testis, including many with unknown functions or previously classified as missing proteins (MPs). The findings advance understanding of male reproductive biology and disorders.

Keywords:
antibody-based proteomicsimmunohistochemistrymissing proteinsprotein evidencereproductionspermatogenesistestistranscriptomics

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Biology
  • Proteomics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • The testis has the highest number of tissue-specific genes, but many protein functions remain unknown.
  • Testis harbors numerous missing proteins (MPs) lacking experimental mass spectrometry evidence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore cell type-specific protein expression in the testis using an integrated omics approach.
  • To characterize the in situ expression of testis-specific proteins, including poorly understood ones.

Main Methods:

  • Combined genome-wide transcriptomics analysis with immunohistochemistry.
  • Characterized in situ expression of over 500 proteins across eight testicular cell types.
  • Identified six distinct clusters of protein expression during spermatogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Identified over 500 proteins with distinct testicular expression patterns.
  • Highlighted 85 proteins with unknown functions and 60 previously classified as MPs.
  • Characterized the spatial and cell type-specific distribution of numerous proteins within the testis.

Conclusions:

  • Integrated omics and antibody-based profiling effectively reveal cell type-specific protein expression in the testis.
  • Identified numerous proteins, including MPs, crucial for testis-specific functions and male reproduction.
  • These proteins are key targets for future research into male reproductive disorders.