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Related Concept Videos

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids02:26

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

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Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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When very thin cylindrical tubes, called capillaries, are dipped in a liquid, the liquid rises or falls in the tube compared to the surrounding liquid. This phenomenon is called capillary action. Capillary action occurs due to the combination of two opposing forces: the cohesive forces of the liquid, which cause it to stick to itself and form a rounded shape, and the adhesive forces between the liquid and the walls of the container, which cause the liquid to be attracted to the container walls.
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Deriving the Speed of Sound in a Liquid01:09

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As with waves on a string, the speed of sound or a mechanical wave in a fluid depends on the fluid's elastic modulus and inertia. The two relevant physical quantities are the bulk modulus and the density of the material. Indeed, it turns out that the relationship between speed and the bulk modulus and density in fluids is the same as that between the speed and the Young's modulus and density in solids.
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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Introduction01:11

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High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), formerly referred to as High-pressure liquid chromatography, is a powerful technique used to separate, identify, and quantify components in complex mixtures. The term "high pressure" refers to using high pressure to push the liquid mobile phase through the tightly packed columns.
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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Instrumentation00:57

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High-performance liquid chromatography, or HPLC, is an analytical technique that separates liquid samples under high pressures. An HPLC instrument consists of glass bottles for storing solvents called mobile phase reservoirs. HPLC-grade solvents are used to maintain high purity, and the dissolved gases are removed using a degasser, such as a vacuum pumping system or sparging with helium. The solvents are then pumped into the analytical column using a screw-driven syringe or reciprocating pumps.
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Most solids and liquids are incompressible—their densities remain constant throughout. In the presence of an external force, the molecules tend to restore to their original positions, which is only possible because the constituents interact. The interactions help the constituents pass on information about external disturbances, like sound waves. Therefore, sound waves travel faster through these media. Compared to solids, the constituents in a liquid are less tightly bound. Thus, sound...
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Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers
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Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation in Disease.

Simon Alberti1,2, Dorothee Dormann3,4

  • 1Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany;

Annual Review of Genetics
|August 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Aberrant condensate formation, driven by phase separation, is linked to diseases like cancer and neurodegeneration. Understanding these cellular mechanisms offers new therapeutic strategies for severe human diseases.

Keywords:
biomolecular condensatecancerinfectious diseasemembraneless organelleneurodegenerationphase separation

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Recent advances in identifying genetic causes of human diseases.
  • Incomplete mechanistic understanding limits the development of effective disease treatments.
  • Need for novel conceptual frameworks to comprehend complex disease mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore condensate formation by phase separation as a principle of cellular organization.
  • To present evidence linking aberrant condensates to human diseases.
  • To examine disease mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities related to aberrant condensates.

Main Methods:

  • Review of emerging scientific literature.
  • Analysis of disease mechanisms involving aberrant condensates.
  • Identification of potential therapeutic interventions.

Main Results:

  • Aberrant condensate formation is associated with cancer, neurodegeneration, and infectious diseases.
  • Phase separation offers a new principle for cellular organization.
  • Disease mechanisms can be driven by aberrant cellular condensates.

Conclusions:

  • Phase separation provides a valuable framework for understanding and combating severe human diseases.
  • Targeting aberrant condensates presents new therapeutic avenues.
  • Further research into condensate biology is crucial for medical advancements.