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Humans engage in aggression when they seek to cause harm or pain to another person. Aggression takes two forms depending on one’s motives: hostile or instrumental. Hostile aggression is motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain; a fight in a bar with a stranger is an example of hostile aggression. In contrast, instrumental aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain (Berkowitz, 1993); a contract killer who murders for...
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The field of behaviorism was pioneered by figures such as Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner fundamentally shifted the focus of psychology to the observable and controllable aspects of human and animal behavior. This shift marked a critical evolution in the discipline, emphasizing scientific rigor and experimental methodology.
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Boldness, Aggression, and Shoaling Assays for Zebrafish Behavioral Syndromes
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The Use of Rapid Tranquilization in Aggressive Behavior.

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Effective treatments for psychomotor agitation and aggression in mental illness include antipsychotics and benzodiazepines. Patient involvement in emergency treatment decisions is crucial for optimal outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Pharmacology
  • Emergency Medicine

Background:

  • Psychomotor agitation and aggressiveness in mental illness are medical emergencies requiring prompt intervention.
  • Drug intervention is necessary when verbal de-escalation is ineffective.
  • Ethical and practical questions, including involuntary medication, are critical considerations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evidence on tranquilizing drugs for psychomotor agitation and aggression.
  • To discuss clinical, ethical, and practical aspects of pharmacotherapy in psychiatric emergencies.

Main Methods:

  • Selective MEDLINE search and reference searching.
  • Review of pertinent articles on psychomotor agitation and aggression treatment.

Main Results:

  • Antipsychotics and benzodiazepines show good evidence for treating psychomotor agitation.
  • Haloperidol monotherapy is not recommended due to weak efficacy and side effects.
  • Effective options include haloperidol with benzodiazepines/promethazine, and monotherapy with lorazepam, olanzapine, ziprasidone, or intramuscular aripiprazole.

Conclusions:

  • Medications can have a beneficial placebo effect, enhancing patient calming.
  • Involving patients in treatment decisions, even in emergencies, is vital for rapid recovery.