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Researchers quantified stochastic forces from molecular motors in cell actin cortex. Force distribution deviates from equilibrium, influenced by ligand density and temperature, revealing insights into cell mechanics.

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biophysics
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Cytoskeletal Dynamics

Background:

  • The actin cortex is a dynamic network crucial for cell mechanics, driven by molecular motors.
  • Understanding forces generated by molecular motors is key to cell motility and mechanics.
  • Out-of-equilibrium systems, like the actin cortex, exhibit force distributions distinct from thermodynamic equilibrium.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the distribution of stochastic forces generated by molecular motors in the actin cortex of pre-muscular cells.
  • To investigate the violation of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem as a measure of non-equilibrium dynamics.
  • To explore the influence of parameters such as ligand density, temperature, and ATP levels on active force generation.

Main Methods:

  • Combined active and passive rheology experiments on a micro-bead attached to the actin network.
  • Measurement of the auto-correlation function of the average force pulling on the bead.
  • Development and validation of a model incorporating bond number and medium viscoelasticity.

Main Results:

  • Force distribution deviates significantly from equilibrium, particularly at longer timescales (τ⪆ 1 s).
  • Active force amplitude increases with higher ligand density (tighter bead attachment) and elevated temperature.
  • ATP depletion or actomyosin inhibition reduces the amplitude of active forces.

Conclusions:

  • A consistent, quantitative model describing micrometric probe motion and stochastic forces in the actin cortex was developed.
  • The study provides insights into how molecular motor activity drives non-equilibrium forces within the cellular cytoskeleton.
  • Experimental data and model align, confirming the impact of cellular conditions on force generation by molecular motors.