Titanium-decorated boron nitride nanotubes for hydrogen storage: a multiscale theoretical investigation

A multiscale computational technique from available quantum mechanical and Molecular Dynamics (MD) codes to user-subroutine computational fluid dynamics (CFD) files was applied to the H2 adsorption of Ti-decorated (10,0) single-walled BN nanotubes (BNNTs) with B-N defects. According to density functional theory (DFT), the Ti atom adsorbed in the defect protrudes outward from the surface and does not agglomerate. The Ti/BNNT system possesses excellent affinity towards H2 molecules with thermodynamically favorable binding energies. Up to seven H2 molecules can partially attach near Ti in quasi-molecular form due to the cationic functionalized Ti and heteropolar B-N bonds at the surface. MD simulation further reveals that the seven H2 molecules are indeed physisorbed in two distinct regions near to (at ∼2 Å) and far from (at ∼4 Å) the Ti atom. The thermal properties obtained from MD simulations were utilized in the CFD code to quantify thermal energy transfer. According to CFD, the equilibrium pressure distribution for a type III H2 cylinder is initially low within its locality. The rate of change of pressure increase is quite steep as it rises due to a sudden increase in temperature upon uptake and it eventually slows down when the local temperature reaches its saturation value.