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Three-dimensional architecture and surface functionality of coccolith base plates.

B Marzec1, J M Walker1, M Panagopoulou2

  • 1School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom.

Journal of Structural Biology
|August 23, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Marine phytoplankton called coccolithophores form intricate calcite scales. This study reveals their base plates have a 3-layered structure with amine groups, guiding calcium carbonate crystal formation via electrostatic interactions.

Keywords:
BiomineralizationCoccolithophoreCryo-electron tomographyCryoTEMNucleationSuper-resolution microscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Marine biology
  • Biomineralization
  • Biogeochemistry

Background:

  • Coccolithophores are key marine phytoplankton and prolific calcifiers, vital to the ocean's carbon cycle.
  • They produce complex calcite scales (coccoliths) using organic templates called base plates for crystal nucleation.
  • The 3D structure and chemical properties of base plates at nucleation sites remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the 3D spatial organization of coccolith base plates.
  • To identify the chemical functional groups present at crystal nucleation sites on base plates.
  • To understand the role of base plates and associated molecules in mediating calcium carbonate biomineralization.

Main Methods:

  • Cryo-electron tomography was used to visualize the native hydrated structure of base plates from Pleurochrysis carterae (Pcar).
  • Chemical analysis identified functional groups at the crystal nucleation sites on the base plate.
  • In vitro experiments explored interactions between base plates, calcium ions, and macromolecules.

Main Results:

  • Coccolith base plates exhibit a complex 3-layered structure in their native hydrated state.
  • The rim and edge of the base plate, where calcite crystals nucleate, are rich in primary amine functionalities.
  • These amine groups facilitate binding with negatively charged macromolecules and Ca2+ ions, indicating electrostatic control over ion transport.

Conclusions:

  • The 3D structure of Pcar base plates is revealed, showing a multi-layered organization.
  • Primary amine groups on the base plate rim are identified as crucial nucleation sites.
  • Electrostatic interactions between coccolith-associated polysaccharides and the base plate rim mediate Ca2+ transport, controlling calcite biomineralization.