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Direct Electrical Stimulation in Electrocorticographic Brain-Computer Interfaces: Enabling Technologies for Input to

David J Caldwell1,2,3, Jeffrey G Ojemann3,4, Rajesh P N Rao1,3,5

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Frontiers in Neuroscience
|August 24, 2019
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electrocorticographic brain-computer interfaces (ECoG-BCIs) can restore function and advance neuroscience. Bidirectional ECoG-BCIs using direct electrical stimulation (DES) offer new possibilities for brain-computer interaction.

Keywords:
brain–computer interface (BCI)direct electrical stimulationelectrocorticographyintracranial electrodesneuromodulationneuroprostheticplasticity inductionsensory restoration

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neurotechnology

Background:

  • Electrocorticographic brain-computer interfaces (ECoG-BCIs) leverage ECoG electrodes, known for high spatial specificity in recording neuronal activity.
  • Current ECoG-BCI research primarily focuses on using recorded signals to control external devices.
  • Direct electrical stimulation (DES) via ECoG electrodes remains an under-explored but crucial aspect of bidirectional BCI development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential of direct electrical stimulation (DES) within ECoG-BCIs.
  • To review the advantages, challenges, and applications of using DES in ECoG-BCIs.
  • To discuss future directions and enabling technologies for bidirectional ECoG-BCIs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on ECoG electrodes, DES physics and physiology.
  • Examination of clinical applications of brain stimulation (epilepsy, Parkinson's disease).
  • Discussion of translational, regulatory, financial, and ethical considerations for ECoG-BCIs.

Main Results:

  • DES in ECoG-BCIs enables bidirectional communication, reading from and writing to the brain.
  • Applications include sensory feedback, probing cortical connectivity, and modifying neural pathways.
  • Potential for treating neurological disorders and advancing fundamental neuroscience.

Conclusions:

  • Bidirectional ECoG-BCIs combining recording and DES offer significant opportunities for functional restoration and research.
  • Overcoming barriers requires advancements in electrode technology, signal processing, and computational modeling.
  • Future research directions involve invasive and non-invasive stimulation methods for tailored brain interventions.