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Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base

Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base

Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Strong Acid/Strong Base
A titration is carried out for 25.00 mL of 0.100 M HCl (strong acid) with 0.100 M of a strong base NaOH. The pH at different volumes of added base solution can be calculated as follows:
(a) Titrant volume = 0 mL. The solution pH is due to the acid ionization of HCl. Because this is a strong acid, the ionization is complete and the hydronium ion molarity is 0.100 M. The pH of the solution is then:

Strong Acid and Base Solutions

Strong Acid and Base Solutions

A strong acid is a compound that dissociates completely in an aqueous solution and produces a concentration of hydronium ions equal to the initial concentration of acid. For example, 0.20 M hydrobromic acid will dissociate completely in water and produces 0.20 M of hydronium ions and 0.20 M of bromide ions.

Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base

Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base

During the titration of a strong acid with a strong base, pH calculations are primarily based on the concentration of residual hydronium or hydroxide ions. Initially, a strong acid like hydrochloric acid fully dissociates, creating hydronium and chloride ions, resulting in a low pH. The addition of a strong base like sodium hydroxide alters the concentration of hydronium ions by neutralizing them. As more base is added, the pH gradually increases. At the equivalence point, all hydronium ions...

Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base

Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base

Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Weak Acid/Strong Base
For the titration of 25.00 mL of 0.100 M CH3CO2H with 0.100 M NaOH, the reaction can be represented as:

Titration of a Weak Acid with a Strong Base

Titration of a Weak Acid with a Strong Base

In titrating a weak acid with a strong base, different calculation methods are applied at various stages. Initially, the pH of a weak acid like acetic acid is calculated using its dissociation constant (Ka) and an ICE table. Upon addition of a strong base such as sodium hydroxide, a buffer forms, and its pH is determined using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. As more base is added and the titration reaches the halfway point, the pH becomes equal to the pKa of the acid, indicating equal...

Titration of Polyprotic Acids with a Strong Base

Titration of Polyprotic Acids with a Strong Base

Titration of a polyprotic acid, which contains multiple ionizable protons, involves distinct dissociation steps, each with its own dissociation constant (Ka). Each successive Ka is weaker than the previous one. In the titration of a polyprotic acid like sulfurous acid with a strong base such as sodium hydroxide, the base first neutralizes the initial ionizable proton, forming an intermediate species (e.g., hydrogen sulfite ions). This step's titration curve resembles that of a weak...

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Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Coupled with Mass Spectrometry Methods for an Analysis of Human Pituitary Adenoma Tissue Proteome

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Strong Opto-Structural Coupling in Low Dimensional GeSe₃ Films.

Syed Ghazi Sarwat¹, Zengguang Cheng¹, Nathan Youngblood¹

¹Department of Materials , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom.

|August 24, 2019

Summary

New chalcogenide glasses (GeSe3) offer low optical loss and tunable properties for advanced optical devices. Their flexible atomic structure allows for thermally controlled adjustments, improving performance in applications like optical coatings.

Keywords:

GeSe3 opto-structural coupling structural relaxation thin film optics

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Published on: November 28, 2017

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Optoelectronics
Nanotechnology

Background:

Chalcogenide glasses in nanoscale thin films are promising for optical and photonic technologies.
Existing materials suffer from high optical absorption, limiting efficiency and device integration.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate sputter-deposited GeSe3 thin films for improved optical and photonic applications.
To explore the tunability of optical properties and physical volume in GeSe3 films.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of GeSe3 thin films using sputtering deposition.
Characterization of optical properties (refractive index) and physical volume changes.
Thermal analysis to determine temperature thresholds for property changes.

Main Results:

GeSe3 thin films exhibit low optical losses.
Flexible atomic structure enables thermally activated, accumulative tunability of refractive index and volume.
Changes are directed towards a more equilibrium amorphous state, avoiding crystallization.

Conclusions:

GeSe3 thin films offer a new form of configurability through strong opto-structural coupling.
Low optical losses and tunable properties in the visible and near-infrared spectrum are advantageous.
Applications include high-performance optical coatings and corrective optics.