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Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Planar and Three-Dimensional Printing of Conductive Inks
Published on: December 9, 2011
ATMP-induced three-dimensional conductive polymer hydrogel scaffold for a novel enhanced solid-state
Lian-Hua Xu1, Jun-Ji Li1, Hai-Bo Zeng1
1MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
Abstract:
Reliable and sensitive detection of xanthine has important medical and biological significance. In this work, a novel three-dimensional (3D) conductive polymer hydrogel of polyaniline (PAni) was feasibly prepared using aniline (Ani), amino trimethylene phosphonic acid (ATMP) and ammonium persulfate ((NH4)2S2O8) as monomer, gelatinizing agent and oxidizing agent, respectively. Protonation of aniline can be achieved by ATMP, inducing good conductivity of the obtained hydrogel. ATMP remained the chelating abilities in the conductive hydrogel, enabling further immobilization with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) functionalized by a luminol derivative, N-(aminobutyl)-N-(ethylisoluminol) (ABEI). ABEI-Ag@PAni-ATMP exhibited an enhanced performance of solid-state electrochemiluminescence (ECL). Integrated with xanthine oxidase (XOD), the proposed biosensor can be applied in the detection of xanthine via in-situ generated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and present a low detection limit of 9.6 nM, a wide linear range (from 0.01 to 200 μM) and excellent stability.
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