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Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Tumor Hypoxia Assessment: In Vivo 3D Oxygen Imaging Through Electron Paramagnetic Resonance
Published on: February 14, 2025
Biocompatibility of Oxygen-Sensing Paramagnetic Implants
Dan Tse1, Periannan Kuppusamy2
1Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.
Abstract:
Oxygen-sensing implants, composed of paramagnetic microcrystals embedded in a biocompatible polymer, are increasingly being used for electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry in animal models and human subjects. The implants are stable and designed to stay in the tissues for indefinite periods. However, it is not known whether the crystals that may be exposed on the surface of the implants or leached out from the implants will induce cytotoxicity thereby compromising their biocompatibility over the long term. The goal of the current study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the implants and crystalline particulates under in vitro conditions. Apoptosis and cell viability studies were performed using L6, a rat muscle cell line and AsPC-1, a cancer cell line derived from human pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The results indicated that neither the intact implants nor their components elicit cytotoxicity, thus establishing their biocompatibility for use in human subjects.
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The Venturi mask, named after the Venturi effect, is designed to deliver precise oxygen concentrations. It consists of a large tube with an oxygen inlet that narrows down, causing a pressure drop that pulls air in through adjustable side ports. The mask is a lightweight,...