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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Fusion02:45

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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
A helium nucleus has a mass that is 0.7% less than that of four hydrogen nuclei; this lost mass is converted into energy during the fusion. This reaction produces about...
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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Radiological investigations, including X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans, are critical for diagnosing and evaluating various medical conditions. These imaging techniques provide valuable insights into the body's internal structures, aiding in the detection of abnormalities, assessment of disease progression, and development of treatment strategies. This article delves into two primary radiological investigations, chest X-rays and CT scans, outlining their purpose, procedures, and...
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Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Disasters Resulting from Radiologic and Nuclear Events.

John S Parrish1, Gilbert Seda1

  • 1Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Naval Medical Center San Diego, 34800 Bob Wilson Drive, Suite 301, San Diego, CA 92134, USA.

Critical Care Clinics
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This summary is machine-generated.

Accidental radiation exposure requires careful triage and dose assessment. Treatment focuses on supportive care and managing radiation

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Acute radiation syndromeBiodosimetryChelating agentsColony-stimulating factorsInternal contaminationRadiation injury

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Area of Science:

  • Medical preparedness
  • Radiation toxicology
  • Emergency medicine

Background:

  • Radiation accidents, though rare, can cause mass casualties with distinct injury patterns.
  • Victims may experience diverse levels of radiation exposure.
  • Effective management hinges on accurate radiation dose assessment and patient triage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline critical steps in managing casualties from radiation accidents.
  • To emphasize the importance of accurate radiation dose assessment.
  • To detail supportive treatment strategies for acute radiation syndrome and modified care for combined injuries.

Main Methods:

  • Triage based on conventional injuries and radiation dose assessment.
  • Utilizing event history, symptoms, and laboratory tests for dose evaluation.
  • Providing supportive care including fluids, antibiotics, and blood products.
  • Considering stem cell or bone marrow transplantation for severe cases.
  • Modifying treatment for patients with concurrent trauma or burns.

Main Results:

  • Accurate triage and dose assessment are critical for effective casualty management.
  • Supportive care is the cornerstone of treating acute radiation syndrome.
  • Specialized care modifications are necessary for radiation-injured patients with conventional trauma or burns.
  • Radiation exposure significantly impacts wound healing and infection susceptibility.

Conclusions:

  • Prompt and accurate assessment of radiation dose is paramount in managing radiation accident victims.
  • Supportive medical interventions are key to treating acute radiation syndrome.
  • Care protocols must be adapted for combined radiation and conventional injuries to optimize patient outcomes.