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The soundness of cement refers to the ability of cement paste to retain its volume after setting. Unsound cement can lead to expansion and structural damage due to the presence of free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulfate. Free lime hydrates very slowly, expanding and causing unsoundness, which is difficult to detect because it intercrystallizes with other compounds. Magnesia also reacts with water, forming crystals that can disrupt the cement's structure. Calcium sulfate can create...
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Tadpole bioacoustics: Sound processing across metamorphosis.

Andrea Megela Simmons1

  • 1Brown University.

Behavioral Neuroscience
|August 27, 2019
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Anuran amphibian metamorphosis involves dramatic auditory system development, transitioning from aquatic to terrestrial hearing. This review highlights key developmental stages and brainstem changes during this dynamic process.

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Area of Science:

  • Zoology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Anuran amphibians (frogs and toads) undergo metamorphosis, a significant developmental transition.
  • This process involves profound morphological and behavioral changes, including shifts from aquatic to terrestrial life.
  • All sensory systems, including auditory, are remodeled during metamorphosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on auditory system development in anuran tadpoles.
  • To identify critical developmental windows for auditory maturation.
  • To understand the structural and physiological reorganization for hearing airborne sounds.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on anuran auditory development.
  • Analysis of developmental timelines for ear and brainstem structures.
  • Examination of physiological changes related to sound processing.

Main Results:

  • Auditory system development during metamorphosis is dynamic and nonlinear.
  • Crucial maturational events occur in the ear and brainstem.
  • Reorganization supports the transition to hearing airborne sounds.

Conclusions:

  • Auditory development in anurans is a complex, staged process.
  • Understanding metamorphosis offers insights into adaptation to environmental change.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate auditory system maturation.