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Accelerators in concrete serve as admixtures to speed up the hardening process, enabling the concrete to achieve early strength faster. Although accelerators do not necessarily impact the time it takes concrete to set, they reduce this time in practice. A common accelerator is calcium chloride, which is particularly useful for hastening early strength development in cold weather or for rapid repair jobs that require quick heat generation after mixing.
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When a fluid is in constant acceleration, the pressure and buoyant force equations are modified. Suppose a beaker is placed in an elevator accelerating upward with a constant acceleration, a. In the beaker, assume there is a thin cylinder of height h with an infinitesimal cross-sectional area, ΔS.
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Acceleration is in the direction of the change in velocity, but it is not always in the direction of motion. When an object slows down, its acceleration is opposite to the direction of its motion. Although commonly referred to as deceleration, this causes confusion in our analysis as deceleration is not a vector, and does not point to a specific direction with respect to a coordinate system. Therefore, the term deceleration is not used. For example, when a subway train slows down, it...
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In everyday conversation, accelerating means speeding up. Acceleration is a vector in the same direction as the change in velocity, Δv, therefore the greater the acceleration, the greater the change in velocity over a given time. Since velocity is a vector, it can change in magnitude, direction, or both. Thus acceleration is a change in speed or direction, or both. For example, if a runner traveling at 10 km/h due east slows to a stop, reverses direction, and continues their run at 10 km/h...
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The Collision Theory
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The importance of understanding acceleration spans our day-to-day experiences, as well as the vast reaches of outer space and the tiny world of subatomic physics. In everyday conversation, to accelerate means to speed up. For instance, we are familiar with the acceleration of our car; the harder we apply our foot to the gas pedal, the faster we accelerate. The greater the acceleration, the greater the change in velocity over a given time. Acceleration is widely seen in experimental physics. In...
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Organoselenium Accelerated Bromolactonization Reaction.

Jørn E Tungen1, Renate Kristianslund1, Anders Vik1

  • 1Department of Pharmacy, Section for Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1068, N-0316 Oslo , Norway.

The Journal of Organic Chemistry
|August 27, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel organoselenium catalyst, DECAD, enables highly efficient bromolactonization. This method rapidly produces versatile bromolactones using a low catalyst loading and is easily scalable for practical applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Synthetic Methodology

Background:

  • Bromolactonization is a key synthetic transformation for creating valuable lactone structures.
  • Developing efficient and regioselective methods with low catalyst loadings remains a challenge.
  • Organocatalysis offers a promising avenue for sustainable chemical synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a novel, highly efficient, and regioselective bromolactonization protocol.
  • To introduce a new organoselenium catalyst, DECAD, for this transformation.
  • To demonstrate the scalability and practicality of the developed method.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a catalytic amount (0.1 mol %) of the organoselenium compound DECAD.
  • Performed the bromolactonization reaction under optimized conditions for 90 minutes.
  • Investigated the reaction mechanism, including in situ formation of a selenonium ylide.

Main Results:

  • Achieved quantitative formation of synthetically versatile bromolactones.
  • Demonstrated high efficiency and regioselectivity in the bromolactonization process.
  • Successfully scaled the protocol from milligram to gram scale with consistent performance.

Conclusions:

  • DECAD is a highly effective organoselenium catalyst for bromolactonization.
  • The reported protocol offers a rapid, efficient, and scalable route to bromolactones.
  • The mechanistic insights provide a foundation for further catalyst development.