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Related Concept Videos

Quantum Numbers02:43

Quantum Numbers

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It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

1.5K
In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
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NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
3.0K
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

1.4K
Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
1.4K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

1.6K
Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
1.6K

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Measurement of Bioelectric Current with a Vibrating Probe
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Spin current as a probe of quantum materials.

Wei Han1,2, Sadamichi Maekawa3,4, Xin-Cheng Xie5,6,7,8

  • 1International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China. weihan@pku.edu.cn.

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Spin current, once limited to electron flow, now encompasses diverse phenomena like magnons and spin superfluidity. This review explores its use as a powerful probe for discovering novel quantum materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Materials Science
  • Spintronics

Background:

  • Historically, spin current involved electron flow for spin information, notably since giant magnetoresistance discovery.
  • Recent findings reveal spin current mediation by diverse phenomena including spin-triplet supercurrent, magnons, and spin superfluidity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advancements in using spin current as a probe for quantum materials.
  • To highlight the application of spin current in understanding spin-triplet superconductivity and spin dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of key progress in spin current research.
  • Focus on ferromagnet/superconductor heterostructures, quantum spin liquids, and magnetic phase transitions.
  • Exploration of magnon-based phenomena (polarons, polaritons, Bose-Einstein condensates) and spin superfluidity.

Main Results:

  • Spin current is a versatile probe beyond electron flow.
  • Spin-triplet superconductivity and spin dynamics are key areas of investigation.
  • Diverse quantum phenomena can be investigated using spin current.

Conclusions:

  • Spin current's unique properties offer a fruitful avenue for exploring spin-dependent characteristics.
  • This approach is crucial for identifying and characterizing new quantum materials.
  • Future research will leverage spin current for deeper insights into quantum phenomena.