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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Detecting Estrogenic Ligands in Personal Care Products using a Yeast Estrogen Screen Optimized for the Undergraduate Teaching Laboratory
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The Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS): what have we learned?

Virginia M Miller1, Fredrick Naftolin2, Sanjay Asthana3

  • 1Departments of Surgery and Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.

Menopause (New York, N.Y.)
|August 28, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Menopausal hormone treatments (HT) did not slow atherosclerosis progression in recently postmenopausal women. However, HT showed benefits for mood, sleep, bone density, and hot flashes, with no severe adverse effects observed.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Health
  • Menopause Research
  • Hormone Therapy

Background:

  • The Women's Health Initiative's premature termination created a need to understand menopausal hormone treatments (HT).
  • The Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS) aimed to fill knowledge gaps regarding HT's cardiovascular and menopausal effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test if initiating HT in healthy, recently postmenopausal women slows atherosclerosis progression.
  • To evaluate the effects of oral conjugated equine estrogens (o-CEE) and transdermal 17β-estradiol (t-E2) on carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT).

Main Methods:

  • A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial involving 727 healthy, recently postmenopausal women.
  • Primary endpoint: change in carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) over 4 years.
  • Ancillary studies assessed effects on mood, sleep, bone density, sexual function, cognition, and adverse events.

Main Results:

  • Neither o-CEE nor t-E2 significantly affected the rate of CIMT increase.
  • A trend towards reduced coronary artery calcium accumulation was observed with o-CEE.
  • No severe adverse effects, including venous thrombosis, were reported.
  • Ancillary studies showed benefits in mood (o-CEE), hot flashes, sleep, bone density (both), and sexual function (t-E2).

Conclusions:

  • KEEPS supports the value and safety of HT initiation in recently postmenopausal women.
  • HT demonstrated benefits beyond cardiovascular endpoints, including symptom relief and bone maintenance.
  • Future research should focus on optimizing HT for postmenopausal women's health.