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Related Concept Videos

Operant Conditioning01:21

Operant Conditioning

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Operant conditioning, a key concept in behavioral psychology, involves using reinforcement and punishment to alter the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. B.F. introduced this type of conditioning. Skinner focused on voluntary behaviors and the consequences that follow them, influencing whether these behaviors will be strengthened or diminished.
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Operant conditioning serves as a foundational principle in therapeutic interventions aimed at modifying maladaptive behaviors. Central to this approach is the notion that behaviors, both adaptive and maladaptive, are learned through reinforcement. By analyzing the environmental factors that reinforce problematic behaviors, clinicians can design interventions to weaken these reinforcements and replace maladaptive behaviors with healthier alternatives.
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Acid-Base Balance01:25

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The human body maintains a narrow pH range regulated through acid-base balance. This balance is crucial as changes in the hydrogen ion concentration can disrupt cell membrane stability, alter protein structures, and change enzyme activities. The normal pH of arterial blood is 7.4, venous blood and interstitial fluid is 7.35, and intracellular fluid averages 7.0.
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Role of Shaping in Operant Conditioning01:19

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Shaping is a technique used in operant conditioning to train complex behaviors by rewarding successive approximations toward the target behavior. This method is necessary because organisms are unlikely to perform complex behaviors spontaneously. Instead, shaping breaks down the desired behavior into small, manageable steps.
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Behavioral Training Procedures for Head-fixed Virtual Reality in Mice
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Virtual reality-based balance training system augmented with operant conditioning paradigm.

Deepesh Kumar1,2, Nirvik Sinha3, Anirban Dutta4

  • 1Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India. deepeshkumar.durg@gmail.com.

Biomedical Engineering Online
|August 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study developed a virtual reality balance system to help stroke survivors use their affected leg more. The system successfully encouraged increased paretic leg usage, potentially combating learned nonuse.

Keywords:
Balance rehabilitationCenter of pressureOperant conditioningStrokeVirtual realityWii Balance Board

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Area of Science:

  • Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Stroke survivors often experience sensory and motor deficits, leading to reduced mobility and reliance on the non-paretic leg.
  • This reliance can cause learned nonuse of the paretic leg, hindering recovery and independence.
  • Quantifying individual leg contribution to balance is crucial for developing targeted rehabilitation strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a virtual reality (VR)-based platform for individualized balance training.
  • To measure each leg's contribution to balance during VR weight-shifting tasks.
  • To investigate the effectiveness of operant conditioning in improving paretic leg usage in hemiplegic stroke patients.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty-nine hemiplegic patients underwent a single session of VR balance training.
  • Participants used Wii Balance Boards to measure center of pressure (CoP) displacement for each leg.
  • An operant conditioning paradigm rewarded increased paretic leg usage during weight-shifting tasks.

Main Results:

  • Participants demonstrated significantly improved performance in a final catch trial compared to an initial catch trial.
  • A significant enhancement in CoP displacement of the paretic leg was observed in the final catch trial.
  • The VR system successfully encouraged greater utilization of the paretic leg.

Conclusions:

  • The developed VR system effectively promotes increased paretic leg usage in stroke patients.
  • This approach offers a promising solution to address learned nonuse of the paretic leg.
  • The system has the potential to improve balance and mobility in stroke survivors.