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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Post-Stroke Upper Limb Rehabilitation with Robotic Technologies for Improved Motor Recovery and Functional Outcomes
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Extended Reality Biofeedback for Functional Upper Limb Weakness: Mixed Methods Usability Evaluation.

Anirban Dutta1, Katerina Hatjipanagioti1,2,3,4,5,6,7, Matthew Alexander Newsham2

  • 1Department of Metabolism and Systems Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom, 44 7395260645.

JMIR XR and Spatial Computing
|December 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study developed an extended reality (XR) biofeedback platform for functional neurological disorder (FND) rehabilitation. The XR position feedback task showed excellent usability, highlighting XR

Keywords:
System Usability Scalebiofeedbackco-designextended realityfunctional neurological disorderhapticsusability

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Rehabilitation Technology
  • Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

  • Functional neurological disorder (FND) disrupts the perception-action cycle, impacting motor control and agency.
  • Extended reality (XR) neurotechnologies offer novel rehabilitation for FND, particularly functional limb weakness.
  • Current rehabilitation methods need enhancement through integrated sensory feedback for motor retraining.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To co-design and evaluate an XR-based biofeedback platform for upper-limb rehabilitation in FND.
  • To incorporate multisensory (visual and haptic) feedback to improve motor retraining efficacy.
  • To assess user requirements and usability of XR training tasks for FND patients.

Main Methods:

  • Mixed methods design involving a Delphi survey (N=20) for user requirements and a co-design workshop (N=6).
  • Evaluation of three XR tasks: VR relaxation, XR position feedback ('Hoop Hustle'), and XR force feedback (haptic robot-assisted).
  • Usability assessed via System Usability Scale (SUS) questionnaires and qualitative thematic analysis.

Main Results:

  • The XR position feedback task achieved excellent usability (4/6 participants >85 SUS).
  • VR relaxation task showed polarized usability scores, with some participants experiencing motion discomfort.
  • XR force feedback task had mixed usability, with significant individual variability and challenges for some participants.

Conclusions:

  • The XR biofeedback platform is feasible and usable for FND rehabilitation, with XR position feedback being highly accepted.
  • Personalization features and hardware refinement are crucial for optimizing XR rehabilitation tools.
  • Future research should focus on enhancing usability, accessibility, and conducting larger clinical trials to evaluate effectiveness.