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Related Concept Videos

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
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Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
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Actin Polymerization

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Actin polymerization occurs through the head-to-tail association of binding sites on monomeric actin or G-actin to form filamentous or F-actin. The polymerization can be divided into three phases ̶  nucleation, elongation, and steady-state phase.
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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Actin is a family of globular proteins that are highly abundant in eukaryotic cells. It makes up approximately 1-5% of total cell protein concentration. Actin monomers polymerize to form a complex network of polarized filaments, the actin cytoskeleton, that plays a crucial role in many cellular processes, including cell motility, division, endocytosis, and metastasis of cancer cells.
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Photogeneration of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Application in Photoinduced Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization
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Controlled Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization with Polyisobutylene-Bound Pyridine-Ligated Ru(II) Catalysts.

Jakkrit Suriboot1, Yue Hu1, Thomas J Malinski1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States.

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Summary

Polyisobutylene (PIB) anchors pyridine ligands for phase-separable Grubbs catalysts, enabling controlled ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) with significantly reduced ruthenium leaching.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Grubbs catalysts are essential for olefin metathesis reactions, including ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP).
  • Immobilization of these catalysts is crucial for reducing metal contamination in products and enabling catalyst recovery.
  • Traditional immobilization methods often involve complex syntheses or less effective ligand systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a phase-separable Grubbs third-generation catalyst using polyisobutylene (PIB) for phase-anchoring pyridine ligands.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of this PIB-anchored catalyst in ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP).
  • To assess the reduction in ruthenium leaching compared to existing catalyst systems.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of a phase-separable Grubbs third-generation catalyst by phase-anchoring pyridine ligands with polyisobutylene (PIB).
  • Application of the PIB-bound catalyst in ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) reactions.
  • Quantification of ruthenium leaching in the resulting polymer products.

Main Results:

  • The PIB-anchored pyridine-ligated Grubbs catalyst demonstrated effective control over polymer chain growth and polydispersity in ROMP.
  • Ruthenium leaching was significantly reduced from approximately 16% (820 ppm) to approximately 3% (160 ppm).
  • The labile PIB-functionalized pyridine ligands proved as effective for generating separable metal complexes as less labile N-heterocyclic carbene ligands, but with a simpler synthesis.

Conclusions:

  • Polyisobutylene (PIB) is an effective phase-anchoring moiety for pyridine ligands in Grubbs catalysts, creating phase-separable systems for ROMP.
  • This approach offers a simpler alternative to multi-step syntheses of immobilized catalysts, achieving comparable performance with reduced metal contamination.
  • The developed catalyst system provides enhanced control over polymerization and significantly minimizes ruthenium leaching in ROMP products.