Discussion: Outcomes and Complications of Pediatric Cranioplasty: A Systematic Review

Interbody fusion of the lumbar spine can be achieved surgically using different techniques. Minimally invasive techniques, including lateral interbody fusion, have been developed within recent decades to reduce rates of complications and allow for quicker patient recovery. We provide insight into stand-alone lateral trans-psoas interbody fusion, highlighting potential complications and...

In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
Percentiles are a type of fractile that partition data into...

Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...

We describe guidelines to perform a safe and efficient elective fiberoptic intubation in pediatric patients while maintaining spontaneous...

Despite an increase in the use of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in humans, the study of young pediatric populations remains a challenge. We present a hands-on, step-by-step video protocol including guidelines for clinicians and researchers intending to perform (f)MRI in young children.

This protocol describes a neonatal porcine model of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), with circulatory and cardiac arrest as a tool for studying severe brain damage and other complications secondary to...