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Related Concept Videos

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers14:52

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Simultaneous magnetoencephalography and electroencephalography provides a useful tool to search for common and distinct macro-scale mechanisms of reductions in consciousness induced by different anesthetics. This paper illustrates the empirical methods underlying the recording of such data from healthy humans during N-Methyl-D-Aspartate-(NMDA)-receptor-antagonist-based anesthesia during inhalation of nitrous oxide and xenon.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers
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Forest streams are important sources for nitrous oxide emissions.

Joachim Audet1,2, David Bastviken3, Mirco Bundschuh2,4

  • 1Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, Denmark.

Global Change Biology
|August 30, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Forest streams are significant sources of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, comparable to agricultural streams. Despite lower nitrogen, forest streams contribute 80% of N2O emissions in Sweden, highlighting their role in greenhouse gas release.

Keywords:
agricultureforestgreenhouse gasnitrogennitrous oxideriverstream

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Geochemistry
  • Hydrology

Background:

  • Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas produced from nitrogen compounds in soil, sediment, and water.
  • Agricultural areas are known hotspots for N2O emissions due to high nitrogen fertilizer application.
  • Forest streams, a major global network, are understudied regarding their N2O emissions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate N2O concentrations and emissions from low-order streams across Sweden.
  • To compare N2O emissions from forest streams versus agricultural streams.
  • To identify environmental factors influencing N2O concentrations in streams.

Main Methods:

  • Compiled N2O concentration data from approximately 1,000 observations across 172 stream sites in Sweden.
  • Analyzed data from temperate to boreal zones, considering varying agricultural and forest catchment coverage.
  • Correlated N2O percent saturation with stream total nitrogen (TN) concentration and pH.

Main Results:

  • Agricultural and forest streams exhibited similar N2O concentrations (1.6 ± 2.1 vs. 1.3 ± 1.8 µg N/L).
  • Forest streams had lower total nitrogen (TN) concentrations than agricultural streams.
  • N2O percent saturation correlated positively with TN and negatively with pH, suggesting low pH in forest streams enhances N2O production.

Conclusions:

  • Forest streams are substantial sources of N2O, contributing approximately 80% of total stream emissions in Sweden.
  • Low pH in forest soils and streams may drive higher N2O emissions despite lower nitrogen inputs.
  • Total annual N2O emissions from Swedish low-order streams are estimated at 1.8 × 10^9 g N2O-N, with forest streams accounting for a significant portion.