Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 20, 2026
Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
Published on: September 7, 2018
Glycolysis dependent lactate formation in neutrophils: A metabolic link between NOX-dependent and independent NETosis
Deepika Awasthi1, Sheela Nagarkoti1, Samreen Sadaf1
1Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.
Abstract:
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) play a pivotal role in the innate immune defense, as well as in the pathophysiology of various inflammatory disease conditions. Two major types of NETosis have been described - NOX-dependent and independent. The present study was undertaken to assess metabolic requirements of NETs formation by using PMA and A23187 as the inducers of NOX-dependent and NOX-independent NETosis respectively. Both these inducers caused an increase in ECAR, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, PKM2 dimerization and reduction in pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) activity, promoting lactate formation through Warburg effect. Interestingly exogenous treatment with lactate also induced NETs formation in human neutrophils, while inhibition of LDH activity significantly reduced NETosis by both the pathways. Moreover, NETosis and lactate accumulation during LPS induced sepsis in mice was inhibited by sodium oxamate, LDH inhibitor, demonstrating the importance of lactate in an experimental model of NETosis. Present study thus confirms importance of glycolysis in NETosis and also reveals role of lactate in NETs formation. It also reports sharing of the common metabolic pathway by NOX-dependent and independent NETosis.
Related Concept Videos
01:18Independent and Dependent Sources
Independent voltage or current sources supply a fixed amount of voltage or current, respectively, which is unaffected by other elements within the circuit. These are represented using specific symbols. Independent voltage sources are symbolized with polarities (+ and -), indicating the direction of the...
06:15Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
01:21Frequency-dependent Selection
00:56What is Glycolysis?
Cells make energy by breaking down macromolecules. Cellular respiration is the biochemical process that converts "food energy" (from the chemical bonds of macromolecules) into chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The first step of this tightly regulated and intricate process is glycolysis. The word glycolysis originates from the Latin glyco (sugar) and lysis (breakdown). Glycolysis serves two main intracellular functions: generating ATP and generating...
07:08Optimization of Synthetic Proteins: Identification of Interpositional Dependencies Indicating Structurally and/or Functionally Linked Residues
02:55Temperature Dependence on Reaction Rate
Atoms, molecules, or ions must collide before they can react with each other. Atoms must be close together to form chemical bonds. This premise is the basis for a theory that explains many observations regarding chemical kinetics, including factors affecting reaction rates.
The collision theory is based on the postulates that (i) the reaction rate is proportional to the rate of reactant collisions, (ii) the reacting species collide in an orientation allowing contact between...