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Updated: Jan 20, 2026

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An initial accuracy focus prevents illusory truth.

Nadia M Brashier1, Emmaline Drew Eliseev2, Elizabeth J Marsh2

  • 1Department of Psychology, Harvard University, United States.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Repeating false claims makes them seem truer, even when they contradict knowledge. Prompting people to act as fact-checkers at exposure eliminated this illusory truth effect, especially when they had relevant knowledge.

Keywords:
Fact checkingFluencyIllusory truthKnowledge

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive psychology
  • Social psychology
  • Information processing

Background:

  • Repetition of claims, common in news and propaganda, enhances believability.
  • This illusory truth effect persists even when claims contradict existing knowledge.
  • Understanding how to mitigate the impact of repeated misinformation is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate methods for reducing the illusory truth effect.
  • To determine if adopting a "fact-checker" mindset during initial exposure can prevent later belief in repeated false claims.
  • To examine the role of prior knowledge in this process.

Main Methods:

  • Four experiments were conducted with young adults.
  • Participants were prompted to act as "fact checkers" and provide initial truth ratings for statements.
  • The effect of accuracy focus at exposure on later truth judgments was assessed, considering prior knowledge.

Main Results:

  • Focusing on accuracy during initial exposure (truth ratings) eliminated the illusory truth effect.
  • This effect was significant only when participants possessed relevant knowledge about the claim.
  • The benefit of accuracy focus persisted even after a delay.

Conclusions:

  • Adopting a fact-checking approach during information exposure can effectively combat the illusory truth effect.
  • Prior knowledge moderates the effectiveness of this strategy.
  • Findings offer practical strategies for navigating misinformation in a "post-truth" era.