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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images
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Approach to cytological indeterminate thyroid nodules.

Massimo Bongiovanni1, Claudio Bellevicine2, Giancarlo Troncone2

  • 1Service of Clinical Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Gland Surgery
|September 3, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Diagnosing indeterminate thyroid nodules via fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) remains challenging. Updated guidelines suggest repeat FNA, surgery, or molecular testing for managing these thyroid nodules.

Keywords:
Atypia of undetermined significance or follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS)follicular neoplasm or suspicious for a follicular neoplasm (FN/SFN)indeterminate diagnosisthe Bethesda systemthyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology (thyroid FNAC)

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Cytopathology
  • Surgical Pathology

Background:

  • Indeterminate thyroid nodules diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) present diagnostic and management challenges for clinicians and cytopathologists.
  • The evolving WHO classification of thyroid tumors introduces categories like non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP), impacting malignancy risk assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the ongoing challenges in diagnosing and managing indeterminate thyroid nodules.
  • To discuss the implications of the new WHO classification and Bethesda system on thyroid nodule management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current diagnostic practices for indeterminate thyroid nodules.
  • Analysis of the impact of the latest WHO classification and Bethesda system guidelines.

Main Results:

  • The re-classification of certain follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinomas as NIFTP has decreased the perceived malignancy risk in the indeterminate category.
  • Despite re-classification, the number of indeterminate thyroid nodule diagnoses may increase to minimize false positives.

Conclusions:

  • Indeterminate thyroid nodules continue to pose diagnostic and management difficulties.
  • The Bethesda system recommends repeat FNA, diagnostic lobectomy, or molecular testing for managing patients with indeterminate thyroid nodules.