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Updated: Jan 20, 2026

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Using formative evaluation methods to improve clinical implementation efforts: Description and an example.

A Rani Elwy1, Ajay D Wasan2, Andrea G Gillman3

  • 1Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, 200 Springs Road (Mailstop 152), Bedford, MA 01730, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Box G-BH, Providence, RI, USA.

Psychiatry Research
|September 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Formative evaluation is crucial for successful implementation of health interventions. This rigorous assessment identifies influences, allowing for adaptation and improved outcomes in patient care and public health.

Keywords:
Formative evaluationImplementation strategiesQualitative methodsTheory of diffusion of innovation

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Area of Science:

  • Implementation Science
  • Health Services Research

Background:

  • Formative evaluation is essential for successful intervention implementation.
  • Without it, studies may fail to translate into meaningful patient care or public health outcomes.
  • It typically uses qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe types of formative evaluations.
  • To present a case study of formative evaluation in academic pain clinics.
  • To highlight the importance of theory-guided formative evaluation.

Main Methods:

  • Described different types of formative evaluations: developmental, implementation-focused, progress-focused, and interpretive.
  • Presented a case study from a real-world implementation study.
  • Guided by the Theory of Diffusion of Innovation.

Main Results:

  • Formative evaluation identifies influences on implementation.
  • Data sharing allows for adaptation and improvement during the study.
  • Theory-based constructs guide the development of implementation strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Formative evaluation is a necessary first step for implementation efforts.
  • It ensures interventions are effectively translated into practice.
  • Theory-guided formative evaluation enhances the uptake of interventions.